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北京十三陵風景篇一
大家好!
北京昌平縣境內,，有一處明代帝王陵墓群,，即中外聞名的十三陵。在周圍40公里的范圍內,，埋葬著明代13位帝王,，23位皇后和眾多的嬪妃、太子,、公主,、從葬宮女等。
(一)概況
明永樂五年(1407)朱棣的皇后徐氏去世,。朱棣命禮部,、工部及術士風鑒先生等人,，在北京郊區(qū)尋找"吉壤"。先后曾指定潭柘寺,、燕家臺,、屠家營等處，朱棣均不滿意,。后來江西術士廖均卿說,，昌平北有吉壤，可做萬年壽域,，名黃土山,，山前有龍、虎二山,，形成一個小平原,。朱棣視察后很滿意，決定在此建造皇陵,，改黃土山為天壽山,。永樂七年(1409)正式建陵，到永樂十一年竣工,，即長陵,。明代歷朝(除景泰帝外)皇帝陸續(xù)在此建陵。 明制規(guī)定,，陵墓每年大祭三次(清明,、中元、冬至),，小祭四次(正旦,、孟冬、生辰,、逝日),。每次謁陵耗費巨大。十三陵地面上建筑曾幾度遭到破壞,，最嚴重的一次是清兵入關,。明末清太祖崛起于東北，威脅明朝安全,。有人說清兵之所以強盛與他的祖墳風水有關,。他們(金人)的祖墳在房山，如搗毀,，清兵即滅,。天啟皇帝于天啟二年(1622)派人毀房山金陵，并建關帝廟鎮(zhèn)之,。清兵入關后,，采取同樣的報復手段，破壞了明陵,。清乾隆五十年,，為了攏絡漢人，曾下令修繕明陵,。民國時期,，1920xx年左右，當?shù)睾兰潬帄Z產權,，明陵又遭破壞,。
1陵墓區(qū)范圍
墓區(qū)原有一道40公里長的圍墻。紅色圍墻自南邊的大宮門起,，依山而筑,，設有中山口、東山口,、老君堂口,、賢莊口、灰?guī)X口,、錐子口,、雁子口、德勝口,、西山口,、榨子口等十個關口，各口駐兵把守?，F(xiàn)在紅墻已無,，但從地名上看還能了解到當年的墓區(qū)范圍。
2繃昴怪兄嵯
(1)石牌坊
石牌坊是陵區(qū)最南端的建筑,。該坊五門六柱十一樓,，高14米，寬2886米,，建于嘉靖十九年(1540),，是目前國內保存最大、最早的石坊,。夾桿石四面有浮雕,，刻有八對獅子滾繡球、十六條生龍,，造型生動,。
(2)大宮門
大宮門是陵墓區(qū)的正門。門分三洞,，旁連40公里圍墻,。門前豎著"官員人等至此下馬"碑,。門內有數(shù)千軍士守護，任何人不得闖入,。當時規(guī)定"謀毀山陵者,，以謀大逆論，不分首從,，俱凌遲處死",。山陵內盜砍樹木者斬，家屬發(fā)往邊疆充軍,。
(3)碑樓
該樓為重檐頂四出陛,、樓內馱巨碑，即長陵的神功圣德碑,，高三丈(該碑正式建立于宣德十年,，即公元1435年)。正面為神功圣德碑文,，3000余字,，明成祖長子仁宗朱高熾撰。碑陰是乾隆五十年(1785),，清高宗的《哀明陵三十韻》,，詳細地記錄了長、永,、定,、思幾座陵墓的殘破情況。碑東側是清政府修明陵的花費記錄,，西側是嘉慶九年(1804)清仁宗論述明亡的原因,。
(4)石象生
神路兩側有一組石雕群，24獸,，12人,，共18對，36個,。包括獅子,、獬豸、駱駝,、麒麟,、馬、象各4匹,，二臥二立,。武臣、文臣,、勛臣各4人,。
(5)欞星門
欞星門俗稱龍鳳門,，在此處有"天門"之意，門三道之間有短垣相隔,。6根門柱形似華表,，三門額坊中央雕有石刻火焰珠，故當?shù)厝擞址Q其為火焰牌坊,。 欞星門北有7孔漢白玉神橋一座，通往長陵陵門,。
北京十三陵風景篇二
現(xiàn)在大家已經來到了北京的遠郊昌平區(qū),，那即將進入的就是十三陵景區(qū)。利用這段時間,，我來給大家講解一下十三陵的歷史背景和說明,。
明朝永樂皇帝朱棣在1420xx年派了一些風水術士到北京選擇“吉壤”，其實就是吉祥的土地,，準備修建陵寢,。當時這些人找了很多地方，但是都不成功,，開始他們選在了口外的屠家營,，可是皇帝姓朱，與豬同音,，犯了地諱,。然后又選在了昌平西南的羊山腳下，可是后面有個村子叫“狼口峪”,，這樣豈不是更危險!后來選過京西的“燕家臺”,，有與“宴駕”同音，太不吉利了,。最后直到明永樂七年,，才選定了現(xiàn)在的這片天壽山陵區(qū)，在周圍有蟒山,，虎峪,，龍山和天壽山。這里正符合了陰陽五行中四方之神的所在位置,，就是東青龍,，西白虎，南朱雀,，北玄武,，還有溫榆河經過這里，真可以說是風水寶地,。從此可見當時皇帝要為自己修建一個陵寢要耗費多少精力啊,。隨后,，就開始修建了長陵，經過四年終于竣工了,。那明朝歷代的皇帝,，也陸續(xù)在這里修建了陵寢。而且從1409修建長陵一直到1644年明王朝滅亡,，這200多年間,，明十三陵的營建工程從來沒有間斷過。在這方圓40平方公里的范圍,，埋葬了明代十三位皇帝,，二十三位皇后，還有許多的妃子,，太子等等,。可是這里也沒能夠完整的保留下來,，在清兵入關以后,，為了報復金人將清太祖的祖墳毀掉，所以就將這里燒了,。后來在乾隆五十年的時候,，為了籠絡漢人，就下令修繕陵區(qū),。在新中國成立以后,，對這里進行了大規(guī)模的開發(fā)，并且開放了的長陵,、定陵和昭陵,，其中定陵的地宮已經被發(fā)掘了。現(xiàn)在這里已經成為了全國重點風景名勝區(qū),，是世界上保存完整,、埋葬皇帝最多的墓葬群。現(xiàn)在大家可能在想：明朝不是有十六個皇帝么?怎么在這里只有十三個皇帝的陵寢?其實原因很簡單,，明太祖朱元璋因為建都南京,，所以他的陵墓當然就在南京啦，也就是明孝陵;而明朝第二個皇帝建文帝,，因為被朱棣奪取了皇位,，尸骨下落不明，所以這里就沒有他的陵墓;在明朝第七代皇帝英宗的時候,，他曾經被宦官王振慫恿,，率軍親征，后來在河北懷來的土木堡被瓦刺軍俘虜，這個事件稱為“土木之變”,，一國不能無君,，所以他的兄弟就被冊封為景泰帝，而后又上演了英宗重新奪取皇位的“奪門之變”,，所以在十三陵中沒有景泰帝的陵墓,，他以親王的禮節(jié)被安葬在西郊的金山口。這樣一來,，大家一定都明白了為什么這里叫做十三陵了,。
現(xiàn)在大家沿途看到的這一個石牌坊，就是陵區(qū)的標志,，是嘉靖年間制造的,。這個牌坊是5間6柱11樓，高有14米,，寬達到了28.86米，是現(xiàn)在國內保存下來最大,、最精美的石牌坊,，上邊的圖案裝飾也都是云龍圖案，反映了皇家建筑的特點,。
大宮門就是陵墓區(qū)的正門兒,，也叫大紅門。門是南向的,，分三洞,，在這個門里邊就是陵墓區(qū)。在門兩側都有刻著“官員人等至此下馬”的下馬碑,，因為當時規(guī)定這些人進入陵區(qū)都是要步行,，否則可是要治罪的。而且這里也是禁區(qū),，不是一般老百姓可以隨便進入的地方,，嚴重的是要被斬首的。而進了這個門兒,，也就走進了貫穿陵園南北,，能夠直接通到長陵陵門的神道，明朝的神道,，也是我國歷代修建的帝王陵中神道最長的,，其實他的主要作用就是讓皇帝靈魂通過的地方，全長有7公里,。
我們一邊走著,，就可以看到前邊有一個碑亭。這個碑亭是重檐歇山頂?shù)慕ㄖ镞呌汹P屃馱著巨碑,，這個就是長陵的神功頌德碑,，正式建立于1435年，正面就是永樂皇帝的長子朱高熾寫的頌德碑文,，有3000多字,，而背面則是在乾隆五十年撰寫的《哀明陵三十韻》，里邊詳細記錄了陵墓的破損情況,。碑身的東面是清政府修繕陵墓的花費,，西側則是在嘉慶九年論述明王朝滅亡的原因。
再往前走,，就可以看到一座欞星門,，也叫龍鳳門，取天門之意,。在這個三門六柱的門中央位置上,，有三個火焰寶珠，所以這里也被叫做火焰牌坊,。
我們其實一直都是沿著神道來前進的,，來回顧一下，先是石牌坊,，然后到了大宮門,，現(xiàn)在我們就要已經進入了長陵了。碑亭,，石象生,，過了龍鳳門，還有一段路程就可以到達長陵的陵門了,。而我們所說的整個陵墓群的中軸線其實也就是這條貫穿陵園南北,，全長共7公里的神道。
說到長陵,，它是明十三陵中的第一座陵,，始建于1420xx年，在1420xx年全部建成,，是明成祖永樂皇帝朱棣和徐皇后的合葬墓,。朱棣是明太祖朱元璋的第四個兒子，當朱元璋死后,，朱棣就以靖難為名,，從北平發(fā)兵攻下南京，并且從當時的皇帝朱允文手中奪得了皇位,，改年號為永樂,，這件事歷史上稱之為靖難之役。朱棣是一位很了不起的皇帝，當了皇帝以后仍然為了鞏固明朝的統(tǒng)治而連年征戰(zhàn),，并且在1420xx年做出了遷都北京的重大決定,。在他所統(tǒng)治的明朝年間，國庫充實,，政局穩(wěn)定,，而且還命人寫作了《永樂大典》這部我國歷史上最大的類書，派鄭和七下西洋,，發(fā)展了各國之間友好關系,。而他的賢內助徐皇后，也就是明朝開國元勛徐達的女兒也是一位有中國古典美的女性,，她曾經編寫了《內訓》和《勸善》用以化育人心,，在用了五年的時候病逝了。值得一提的是葬入長陵的第一個人并不是朱棣,，而是徐皇后,。長陵共占地10公頃，中軸線由陵恩門,，陵恩殿,，明樓,，寶城和寶頂共同組成,。陵墓共有三進院,，第一進院是從陵門道陵恩門,，可以看到左右兩側各有一個小碑亭,，但當時上面都沒有文字，現(xiàn)在的文字是清順治皇帝寫上的,。陵恩殿坐落在陵墓的第二進院落中,，在1412，明永樂十四年建成,，是供奉牌位和舉行祭祀活動的地方,。它面闊九間，進深五間,，是重檐廡殿頂?shù)慕ㄖ?，殿內?0根楠木柱，中間的四根直徑都達到了一米以上,，是國內最好的楠木殿,。原來陵恩殿中陳列有大佛龕，現(xiàn)在已經沒有了,，取而代之的是后人制作的永樂皇帝坐像,，大家可以繞道坐像的后邊來看一下，可以看到椅背上刻有一條龍，而龍頭則正對著萬歷皇帝的頭部,，這象征著皇帝是真龍?zhí)熳?。而四周則是出土文物的展覽。
咱們從殿后的門一出來,，就到達了第三進院落,，每座陵墓的標志——明樓就在這里。大家可以看到這里也有一個碑亭,，石碑上刻有成祖文皇帝之陵,，因為皇帝姓朱，所以碑身也都是用的朱砂紅色,。
由于長陵的地宮沒有發(fā)掘,，所以我們在長陵的游覽就先告一段落。不過大家不用著急,，接下來我們將要去的定陵,，就可以讓大家參觀到古代皇帝的地下宮殿了。
定陵是明朝第13位皇帝神宗萬歷朱翊鈞和孝端,、孝靖兩位皇后的合葬墓,。朱翊鈞是明朝在位最久的皇帝，他的為人和永樂皇帝朱棣可以說成為了鮮明的對比,。他非常貪婪懶惰,，在他九歲即位的時候，由于有大臣張居正的輔佐,，國家發(fā)展的還算比較穩(wěn)定,，可是后來張居正病逝，他便利用這個機會為自己選擇了陵地,，花費了800萬兩白銀,，用了六年時間，建了工程質量最好的定陵,，而他居然因為陵寢修建的非常滿意,，而在地宮當中舉行了盛大的宴會，真實一位讓人苦笑不得的皇帝,。而他不僅如此,，在他在位的48年當中，竟然有20xx年不理朝政,，導致國家處于癱瘓狀態(tài),。后人評論，其實明朝滅亡的命運,，在萬歷皇帝朱翊鈞時就已經成為定局了,。他有兩位皇后,，其實在開始的時候孝靖皇后身份低下，可是與他有了一個男孩,，就是后來的“一月天子”朱常洛,，母以子貴，她就被封為貴妃,。但是她比朱翊鈞早死了九年,，并沒有葬在定陵里，直到后來追封她為太皇太后的時候,，才與萬歷皇帝朱翊鈞,，孝端皇后共同葬入陵寢。朱翊鈞的另一個皇后孝端與他沒有孩子,，在她去世后不到百日,，朱翊鈞也去世了，所以他們是同日葬入定陵的,。
過了碑亭,，我們所看到的兩座高石臺基就是定陵陵恩門和陵恩殿的遺址。這里原來也叫享殿,，它是舉行祭祀典禮的地方,，當時面闊七間，清兵入關的時候曾經遭到破壞,，到了乾隆年間,，對這里進行了修復，但是后來又遭到了破壞,。
在往前走,，我們可以看到一個陳列室，這里陳列展出的都是定陵的出土文物,，是在地宮挖掘之后興建的。展室分為南北兩個部分,，南側主要陳列地宮出土的萬歷皇帝的隨葬品,，北側則是兩位太后的隨葬品，都非常精美,，各位盡可以一飽眼福,。
現(xiàn)在來到了明樓，它也是定陵陵墓的標志,。明樓為石結構建筑,，是定陵地面保存最完好的建筑，始終沒有遭到破壞,。在明樓黃色琉璃瓦頂上,，鑲有一塊高大的石榜,，刻有定陵二字，在明樓內的碑額上篆有大名二字,，而碑身上則刻有神宗顯皇帝之陵七個大字,。它與寶城相連。寶城是一道用城磚壘起的圓形大墻,，墻上有垛口,，城墻高7.5米，上厚下薄,，周長800米,，在它圍繞的中間有一個人工堆成的大土丘，其實就是皇陵的墳頭,，叫做寶頂,。
咱們現(xiàn)在正從左側的通道走入地宮。定陵地宮的挖掘工作是從1956年5月開始的,，在1958年結束,。最開始，工作人員是發(fā)現(xiàn)了寶城西南側墻上露出了一處券門,，于是就正對著券門開了第一條探溝,，到了底部發(fā)現(xiàn)了用城磚砌成的隧道。在三個月以后,，沿著隧道的方向在明樓西面開了第二條探溝,，在這條探溝的挖掘過程中，碰到了刻有“此時至今剛墻前皮十六丈,、深三丈五尺”的石碑,，從而得到了關于打開地宮的正確方向。工作人員沿著這個方向,，又開了第三條探溝,，最終找到了石隧道，并且發(fā)現(xiàn)了金剛墻,，打開金剛墻,，里邊有一個方形的石券室，在西側正中有兩扇漢白玉的石門,，從里邊頂著“自來石”,，而工作人員只用了鐵絲和木板，不到五分鐘,，就將沉睡了337年的定陵地宮打開了,。
地宮深度是27米，總面積達到了1195平方米,，整個建筑的用料都是磚石,，可以說是地下的無梁殿,，禮制上是仿明堂的“九重法宮制”，分為前中后左右五個殿堂由七扇漢白玉門連接,，最大的一扇高3.3米,，寬1.7米，重達4噸,，看上去很笨重,，其實設計非常的合理。石門的重心偏向門軸,，所以開關自如;門扇上橫著設有防止倒塌的青銅扇管,，重量大約是10噸;在門正面雕刻有乳狀門釘和銜環(huán)鋪首，背面與之相對應的地方有一個凸起的部分,，關門以后,，自來石就承托在這里。
在地宮前殿和左右兩個配殿中沒有任何的陳設,。而現(xiàn)在到達的中殿高7.2米,，寬6米，地面是金磚鋪地,，據記載,，這種磚會越擦越亮的。殿中陳設有漢白玉石寶座,，它的樣式和皇帝生前寶座是一樣的,，在前邊也就是孝靖和孝端皇后的寶座雕有鳳頭，而萬歷皇帝的寶座靠背和扶手都雕有龍頭,。原來寶座的陳列是呈品字形的,，后來為了方便游人參觀，才改變了陳設,。在三個寶座之前,，設有祭祀用具黃琉璃五供，包括一個香爐,，兩個燭臺,，和兩個香瓶，和嘉靖年間的青花云龍大瓷缸,，這個缸中原來是盛有香油，里邊放有燈芯的,，叫做長明燈,，但是由于關門后地宮缺氧，所以這盞燈并沒有長明,。
在中殿后面的就是后殿,，它是地宮中最大的一個殿,，高大9.5米，長31米,，寬9.1米,，地面上鋪設的是磨光的花斑石。在后殿中設有白石鑲邊的棺床一座,，中央有一個長型方孔,，中間填的是黃土，也就是選擇墓穴時的第一鏟黃土,，叫做金井,，它是整座陵寢建筑格局的基本點。在棺槨四周和棺槨內放有玉石,，或者在死者口中含有玉石,，稱為玉葬。之所以這樣,，是因為古人認為金井可以溝通陰陽,，交流生氣，而玉葬能夠保持尸體不腐爛,。金井玉葬在明清兩代是最高等級的葬禮,。當然這些都是古人的理想而已，沒有什么科學根據,。在棺床的上安放有萬歷皇帝和兩位皇后的棺槨,，還有裝隨葬品的26個木箱。
隨著參觀定陵的活動結束,，我們今天的明十三陵之行也將近尾聲了,，相信大家一定都為這座巨大的帝王陵墓群而感嘆，隨著我國文物保護工作的不斷開展,，國家投入了大量的資金修繕明十三陵,，這座規(guī)模宏大的帝王陵寢也將被永久的保存下去。同時,，我也希望各位游客能對這里留下美好的印象,，歡迎各位下次再來參觀。
北京十三陵風景篇三
dear friends
hello everyone! with the start of the car, today's tourism activities willofficially start. i'm very glad to have the opportunity to accompany you tovisit the ming tombs.
the world famous ming tombs are located at the foot of yanshan mountain inchangping district of beijing. in the surrounding area of 40 square kilometers,there are 13 emperors, 23 queens, many concubines, princesses, princesses andother maids buried in the ming dynasty. at this point, some friends who arefamiliar with chinese history may have a question in their heart: there were 16emperors in the ming dynasty, why only 13 of them were buried here? to answerthis question, we need to recall the history of the ming dynasty.
zhu yuanzhang, the founding emperor of the ming dynasty, built the capitalin today's nanjing and was buried in the "ming xiaoling" in zhongshan, nanjingafter his death. because prince zhu biao died early, he passed the throne to hiseldest grandson zhu yunwen. yongle emperor zhu di won the throne from his nephewzhu yunwen. zhu di sent troops to the south in the name of removing treacherousofficials. jianwen emperor zhu yunwen's whereabouts are unknown in thiscatastrophe. some people say that the palace was burned to death at that say that they became monks. this is still a mystery in the history of theming dynasty, so there is no mausoleum. zhu qiyu, the seventh emperor of theming dynasty, became the emperor because his elder brother yingzong zhu qizhenwas a prisoner in the "civil fortress change" and the palace could not bewithout a master for a day.
later, yingzong was released. under the planning of his confidants,yingzong carried out a "change of seizing the door", and became emperor zhu qiyu died, yingzong refused to recognize him as an emperor, destroyedthe mausoleum built by zhu qiyu in the ming tombs area, and buried him as a"prince" in jinshankou, western suburb of beijing. in this way, of the 16 mingemperors, two were buried elsewhere, one was missing, and the other 13 wereburied here, so they are collectively referred to as "ming tombs". the mingtombs is a group of mausoleum buildings with the most complete preservation andburial of emperors in the world.
the ming tombs are built in a beautiful mountain area, about 50 kilometersaway from the capital, covering an area of about 40 square kilometers. the siteof the ming tombs was selected and built according to the principle of geomanticomen, because people in ancient china paid great attention to geomantic omenwhen they were building houses or mausoleums. the emperor is more pretentious,not only to live a luxurious life, but also want to continue to enjoy afterdeath, so the choice of mausoleum is very important.
when choosing the mausoleum site, it is necessary to choose a good placewith mountains and water, good natural environment and "gas accumulation wind".and the ming tombs is such a good place: the whole mausoleum area is surroundedby mountains in the east, west and north, and there are dragon mountain andtiger mountain in the south, forming a natural gateway, which is in line withthe saying of "left green dragon and right white tiger" in geomantic omen. it islike a huge courtyard in the middle. the wenyu river in the mausoleum areameanders from northwest to southeast, forming the holding water in the mausoleumarea. in the whole mausoleum area, changling is the key, the line betweendagongmen and changling is the central axis, and tianshou mountain is thezhenshan in the north. it is an ideal mausoleum with mountains on its back,water on its surface and wind gathering in gas reservoirs.
the reason why emperor yongle chose the present tianshou mountain was alsoafter many twists and turns. after the battle of jingnan, zhu di became emperorin nanjing. at that time, he decided to move his capital to beijing in order toconsolidate his political power. in 1407, the fifth year of yongle, zhu di'sempress xu died. at that time, in order to express his determination to move thecapital to beijing, zhu di sent the minister of rites and geomantic warlock liaojunqing to beijing to choose "auspicious soil". it is said that several placeshave been selected.
the first choice is tujiaying, but because the emperor's surname is zhu,which is the same as "pig", and "tu" means slaughtering, pigs will definitelydie when they enter the slaughterhouse, so it's not appropriate to committaboos. another place is at the foot of the yangshan mountain in the southwestof changping. pigs and sheep instinctively live in harmony, but there is avillage behind the mountain called "langeryu". it's more dangerous to havewolves beside pigs, and it can't be used. later, he chose yanjiatai in the westof beijing, but "yanjia" and "yanjia" are homophonic, which is also unlucky.
because the death of the ancient emperor, in addition to called "death",also called "yan jia". although the landscape of tanzhe temple is good, it isdeep and narrow in the mountains, which is not conducive to the development offuture generations. later came to today's tianshou mountain. tianshou mountainwas called huangtu mountain at that time. after emperor yongle personallyinspected it, he felt very satisfied. at that time, he made an order todesignate huangtu mountain as his "good soil for ten thousand years". this yearis also the year of his 50th birthday, so he named huangtu mountain "tianshoumountain". from the construction of changling mausoleum in 1409, the seventhyear of yongle, until chongzhen, the last emperor of ming dynasty, was buried insiling mausoleum, the construction of ming tombs lasted for more than 230years.
the ming tombs have a history of more than 300-500 years since it wasbuilt, and the buildings on the ground have been seriously damaged many times,the most serious of which was during the qing army's entry period. so why didthe qing army destroy the ming tombs on a large scale? because at the end of theming dynasty, nurhachi, the emperor taizu of the qing dynasty, rose in thenortheast, which directly threatened the security of the ming dynasty.
as a result, some people say that the prosperity of the qing soldiers isrelated to the geomantic omen of their ancestral graves. if their ancestralgraves are destroyed, the qing soldiers can be eliminated. the ancestors ofmanchu are jin people, and the ancestral tomb of jin dynasty is in fangshan,beijing. zhu youxiao, the ming dynasty's apocalypse emperor, believed it. asexpected, he sent people to fangshan to destroy jinling and built a guanditemple in that town. of course, this method could not suppress the qing army. asa result, after the qing army entered the pass, they took the same means ofrevenge and destroyed the ming tombs. during the reign of emperor qianlong ofthe qing dynasty, in order to win over the han people, emperor qianlong onceordered the ming mausoleum to be repaired. however, in the period of therepublic of china [around 1914], local tyrants and evil gentry destroyed theming tombs on a large scale in order to fight for property rights. it was notuntil after the founding of new china that we were able to see the true face oflushan mountain today after constant renovation and landscaping. now the mingtombs have become a famous tourist attraction in china.
dear friends, the above is the general situation of the ming tombs. thepurpose is to give you a preliminary understanding of the ming tombs. i willintroduce the situation of the scenic spot to you in detail after arriving atthe scenic spot.
北京十三陵風景篇四
現(xiàn)在大家已經來到了北京的遠郊昌平區(qū),，那即將進入的就是十三陵景區(qū),。利用這段時間，我來給大家講解一下十三陵的歷史背景和說明,。
明朝永樂皇帝朱棣在1420xx年派了一些風水術士到北京選擇“吉壤”,，其實就是吉祥的土地，準備修建陵寢,。當時這些人找了很多地方,，但是都不成功,，開始他們選在了口外的屠家營，可是皇帝姓朱,，與豬同音,，犯了地諱。然后又選在了昌平西南的羊山腳下,，可是后面有個村子叫“狼口峪”,，這樣豈不是更危險!后來選過京西的“燕家臺”，有與“宴駕”同音,，太不吉利了,。最后直到明永樂七年，才選定了現(xiàn)在的這片天壽山陵區(qū),，在周圍有蟒山,，虎峪，龍山和天壽山,。這里正符合了陰陽五行中四方之神的所在位置,，就是東青龍，西白虎,，南朱雀,，北玄武，還有溫榆河經過這里,，真可以說是風水寶地,。從此可見當時皇帝要為自己修建一個陵寢要耗費多少精力啊。隨后,，就開始修建了長陵,，經過四年終于竣工了。那明朝歷代的皇帝,，也陸續(xù)在這里修建了陵寢,。而且從1409修建長陵一直到1644年明王朝滅亡，這200多年間,，明十三陵的營建工程從來沒有間斷過,。在這方圓40平方公里的范圍，埋葬了明代十三位皇帝,，二十三位皇后,，還有許多的妃子，太子等等,?？墒沁@里也沒能夠完整的保留下來，在清兵入關以后，為了報復金人將清太祖的祖墳毀掉,，所以就將這里燒了。后來在乾隆五十年的時候,，為了籠絡漢人,，就下令修繕陵區(qū)。在新中國成立以后,，對這里進行了大規(guī)模的開發(fā),，并且開放了的長陵、定陵和昭陵,，其中定陵的地宮已經被發(fā)掘了?，F(xiàn)在這里已經成為了全國重點風景名勝區(qū)，是世界上保存完整,、埋葬皇帝最多的墓葬群?，F(xiàn)在大家可能在想：明朝不是有十六個皇帝么?怎么在這里只有十三個皇帝的陵寢?其實原因很簡單，明太祖朱元璋因為建都南京,，所以他的陵墓當然就在南京啦,，也就是明孝陵;而明朝第二個皇帝建文帝，因為被朱棣奪取了皇位,，尸骨下落不明,，所以這里就沒有他的陵墓;在明朝第七代皇帝英宗的時候，他曾經被宦官王振慫恿,，率軍親征,，后來在河北懷來的土木堡被瓦刺軍俘虜，這個事件稱為“土木之變”,，一國不能無君,，所以他的兄弟就被冊封為景泰帝，而后又上演了英宗重新奪取皇位的“奪門之變”,，所以在十三陵中沒有景泰帝的陵墓,，他以親王的禮節(jié)被安葬在西郊的金山口。這樣一來,，大家一定都明白了為什么這里叫做十三陵了,。
現(xiàn)在大家沿途看到的這一個石牌坊，就是陵區(qū)的標志,，是嘉靖年間制造的,。這個牌坊是5間6柱11樓，高有14米,，寬達到了28.86米,，是現(xiàn)在國內保存下來最大、最精美的石牌坊，上邊的圖案裝飾也都是云龍圖案,，反映了皇家建筑的特點,。
大宮門就是陵墓區(qū)的正門兒，也叫大紅門,。門是南向的,，分三洞，在這個門里邊就是陵墓區(qū),。在門兩側都有刻著“官員人等至此下馬”的下馬碑,，因為當時規(guī)定這些人進入陵區(qū)都是要步行，否則可是要治罪的,。而且這里也是禁區(qū),，不是一般老百姓可以隨便進入的地方，嚴重的是要被斬首的,。而進了這個門兒,，也就走進了貫穿陵園南北，能夠直接通到長陵陵門的神道,，明朝的神道,，也是我國歷代修建的帝王陵中神道最長的，其實他的主要作用就是讓皇帝靈魂通過的地方,，全長有7公里,。
我們一邊走著，就可以看到前邊有一個碑亭,。這個碑亭是重檐歇山頂?shù)慕ㄖ?，里邊有赑屃馱著巨碑，這個就是長陵的神功頌德碑,，正式建立于1435年,，正面就是永樂皇帝的長子朱高熾寫的頌德碑文，有3000多字,，而背面則是在乾隆五十年撰寫的《哀明陵三十韻》,，里邊詳細記錄了陵墓的破損情況。碑身的東面是清政府修繕陵墓的花費,，西側則是在嘉慶九年論述明王朝滅亡的原因,。
過了碑亭，我們繼續(xù)沿著神道行走,，會發(fā)現(xiàn)在神路兩側,，都有很多石雕。其實這里一共有36座石雕,，叫做石像生,。緊挨著碑亭后邊的是兩根石望柱,，接下來就是獅子、獬豸,、駱駝,、大象、麒麟,、馬,，各有四匹，按照先臥后立的順序排列,。然后是武臣、文臣和勛臣各有四人,。修建這些,，都是為了體現(xiàn)帝王生前的儀仗和死后的尊嚴。所以體積都非常大,，雕刻的都非常精細,。而且這些也都象征著皇帝在生前可以得到尊崇，到了死后也是同樣得到尊崇,。,，各方神圣和文武百官還是要為我獨尊。
再往前走,，就可以看到一座欞星門,，也叫龍鳳門，取天門之意,。在這個三門六柱的門中央位置上,，有三個火焰寶珠，所以這里也被叫做火焰牌坊,。
我們其實一直都是沿著神道來前進的,，來回顧一下，先是石牌坊,，然后到了大宮門,，現(xiàn)在我們就要已經進入了長陵了。碑亭,，石象生,，過了龍鳳門，還有一段路程就可以到達長陵的陵門了,。而我們所說的整個陵墓群的中軸線其實也就是這條貫穿陵園南北,，全長共7公里的神道。
說到長陵,，它是明十三陵中的第一座陵,，始建于1420xx年，在1420xx年全部建成，是明成祖永樂皇帝朱棣和徐皇后的合葬墓,。朱棣是明太祖朱元璋的第四個兒子,，當朱元璋死后，朱棣就以靖難為名,，從北平發(fā)兵攻下南京,，并且從當時的皇帝朱允文手中奪得了皇位，改年號為永樂,，這件事歷史上稱之為靖難之役,。朱棣是一位很了不起的皇帝，當了皇帝以后仍然為了鞏固明朝的統(tǒng)治而連年征戰(zhàn),，并且在1420xx年做出了遷都北京的重大決定,。在他所統(tǒng)治的明朝年間，國庫充實,，政局穩(wěn)定,，而且還命人寫作了《永樂大典》這部我國歷史上最大的類書，派鄭和七下西洋,，發(fā)展了各國之間友好關系,。而他的賢內助徐皇后，也就是明朝開國元勛徐達的女兒也是一位有中國古典美的女性,，她曾經編寫了《內訓》和《勸善》用以化育人心,，在用了五年的時候病逝了。值得一提的是葬入長陵的第一個人并不是朱棣,，而是徐皇后,。長陵共占地10公頃，中軸線由陵恩門,，陵恩殿,，明樓，寶城和寶頂共同組成,。陵墓共有三進院,，第一進院是從陵門道陵恩門，可以看到左右兩側各有一個小碑亭,，但當時上面都沒有文字,，現(xiàn)在的文字是清順治皇帝寫上的。陵恩殿坐落在陵墓的第二進院落中,，在1412,，明永樂十四年建成，是供奉牌位和舉行祭祀活動的地方,。它面闊九間,，進深五間,，是重檐廡殿頂?shù)慕ㄖ顑扔?0根楠木柱,，中間的四根直徑都達到了一米以上,，是國內最好的楠木殿。原來陵恩殿中陳列有大佛龕,，現(xiàn)在已經沒有了,，取而代之的是后人制作的永樂皇帝坐像，大家可以繞道坐像的后邊來看一下,，可以看到椅背上刻有一條龍,，而龍頭則正對著萬歷皇帝的頭部，這象征著皇帝是真龍?zhí)熳?。而四周則是出土文物的展覽,。
在中殿后面的就是后殿，它是地宮中最大的一個殿,，高大9.5米，長31米,，寬9.1米,，地面上鋪設的是磨光的花斑石。在后殿中設有白石鑲邊的棺床一座,，中央有一個長型方孔,，中間填的是黃土，也就是選擇墓穴時的第一鏟黃土,，叫做金井,，它是整座陵寢建筑格局的基本點。在棺槨四周和棺槨內放有玉石,，或者在死者口中含有玉石,，稱為玉葬。之所以這樣,，是因為古人認為金井可以溝通陰陽,，交流生氣，而玉葬能夠保持尸體不腐爛,。金井玉葬在明清兩代是最高等級的葬禮,。當然這些都是古人的理想而已，沒有什么科學根據,。在棺床的上安放有萬歷皇帝和兩位皇后的棺槨,，還有裝隨葬品的26個木箱。
按照皇帝陵寢的規(guī)置,，后殿只是安放皇帝棺槨用的,，那為什么兩個皇后的棺槨也出現(xiàn)在這里呢?這個現(xiàn)象在史料中是沒有明確記載的,，可是根據專家推測：在萬歷四十八年的時候，先是孝端皇后病逝,，接著七月就是萬歷皇帝去世,，而他的兒子朱常洛也在即位29天死于紅丸案，在這短短百日之內,，死了兩位皇帝,，一位皇后，還有孝靖皇后還要遷葬,，這么巨大的任務都壓在了剛剛即位的皇帝朱由校身上,，所以準備工作十分的倉促。而且當時正好是雨季,，安放皇后的配殿不方便打開,，于是皇帝皇后的棺槨就都從正門進去了?？墒堑搅说貙m發(fā)現(xiàn)配殿的甬道太窄了,，皇后的棺槨進不去，所以只好將它們一并放入了后殿當中?，F(xiàn)在大家可以明白地宮中棺槨的擺設呈這樣是怎樣一回事兒了吧,。那好，現(xiàn)在就請大家跟隨我走出地宮,。
隨著參觀定陵的活動結束,，我們今天的明十三陵之行也將近尾聲了，相信大家一定都為這座巨大的帝王陵墓群而感嘆,，隨著我國文物保護工作的不斷開展,，國家投入了大量的資金修繕明十三陵，這座規(guī)模宏大的帝王陵寢也將被永久的保存下去,。同時,，我也希望各位游客能對這里留下美好的印象，歡迎各位下次再來參觀,。
北京十三陵風景篇五
現(xiàn)在大家已經來到了北京的遠郊昌平區(qū),，那即將進入的就是十三陵景區(qū)。利用這段時間,，我來給大家講解一下十三陵的歷史背景和說明,。
明朝永樂皇帝朱棣在1420xx年派了一些風水術士到北京選擇“吉壤”，其實就是吉祥的土地,，準備修建陵寢,。當時這些人找了很多地方，但是都不成功,，開始他們選在了口外的屠家營,，可是皇帝姓朱,，與豬同音，犯了地諱,。然后又選在了昌平西南的羊山腳下,，可是后面有個村子叫“狼口峪”，這樣豈不是更危險!后來選過京西的“燕家臺”,，有與“宴駕”同音,，太不吉利了。最后直到明永樂七年,，才選定了現(xiàn)在的這片天壽山陵區(qū),，在周圍有蟒山，虎峪,，龍山和天壽山,。這里正符合了陰陽五行中四方之神的所在位置，就是東青龍,，西白虎,，南朱雀，北玄武,，還有溫榆河經過這里,，真可以說是風水寶地。從此可見當時皇帝要為自己修建一個陵寢要耗費多少精力啊,。隨后,，就開始修建了長陵,，經過四年終于竣工了,。那明朝歷代的皇帝，也陸續(xù)在這里修建了陵寢,。而且從1409修建長陵一直到1644年明王朝滅亡,，這200多年間，明十三陵的營建工程從來沒有間斷過,。在這方圓40平方公里的范圍,，埋葬了明代十三位皇帝，二十三位皇后,，還有許多的妃子,，太子等等?？墒沁@里也沒能夠完整的保留下來,，在清兵入關以后，為了報復金人將清太祖的祖墳毀掉,，所以就將這里燒了,。后來在乾隆五十年的時候,，為了籠絡漢人，就下令修繕陵區(qū),。在新中國成立以后,，對這里進行了大規(guī)模的開發(fā)，并且開放了的長陵,、定陵和昭陵,，其中定陵的地宮已經被發(fā)掘了。現(xiàn)在這里已經成為了全國重點風景名勝區(qū),，是世界上保存完整,、埋葬皇帝最多的墓葬群。現(xiàn)在大家可能在想：明朝不是有十六個皇帝么?怎么在這里只有十三個皇帝的陵寢?其實原因很簡單,，明太祖朱元璋因為建都南京,，所以他的陵墓當然就在南京啦，也就是明孝陵;而明朝第二個皇帝建文帝,，因為被朱棣奪取了皇位,，尸骨下落不明，所以這里就沒有他的陵墓;在明朝第七代皇帝英宗的時候,，他曾經被宦官王振慫恿,，率軍親征，后來在河北懷來的土木堡被瓦刺軍俘虜,，這個事件稱為“土木之變”,，一國不能無君，所以他的兄弟就被冊封為景泰帝,，而后又上演了英宗重新奪取皇位的“奪門之變”,，所以在十三陵中沒有景泰帝的陵墓，他以親王的禮節(jié)被安葬在西郊的金山口,。這樣一來,，大家一定都明白了為什么這里叫做十三陵了。
現(xiàn)在大家沿途看到的這一個石牌坊,，就是陵區(qū)的標志,，是嘉靖年間制造的。這個牌坊是5間6柱11樓,，高有14米,，寬達到了28.86米，是現(xiàn)在國內保存下來最大,、最精美的石牌坊,，上邊的圖案裝飾也都是云龍圖案，反映了皇家建筑的特點,。
大宮門就是陵墓區(qū)的正門兒,，也叫大紅門,。門是南向的，分三洞,，在這個門里邊就是陵墓區(qū),。在門兩側都有刻著“官員人等至此下馬”的下馬碑，因為當時規(guī)定這些人進入陵區(qū)都是要步行,，否則可是要治罪的,。而且這里也是禁區(qū)，不是一般老百姓可以隨便進入的地方,，嚴重的是要被斬首的,。而進了這個門兒，也就走進了貫穿陵園南北,，能夠直接通到長陵陵門的神道,，明朝的神道，也是我國歷代修建的帝王陵中神道最長的,，其實他的主要作用就是讓皇帝靈魂通過的地方,，全長有7公里。
我們一邊走著,，就可以看到前邊有一個碑亭,。這個碑亭是重檐歇山頂?shù)慕ㄖ镞呌汹P屃馱著巨碑,，這個就是長陵的神功頌德碑,，正式建立于1435年，正面就是永樂皇帝的長子朱高熾寫的頌德碑文,，有3000多字,，而背面則是在乾隆五十年撰寫的《哀明陵三十韻》，里邊詳細記錄了陵墓的破損情況,。碑身的東面是清政府修繕陵墓的花費,，西側則是在嘉慶九年論述明王朝滅亡的原因,。
再往前走,，就可以看到一座欞星門，也叫龍鳳門,，取天門之意,。在這個三門六柱的門中央位置上，有三個火焰寶珠,，所以這里也被叫做火焰牌坊,。
我們其實一直都是沿著神道來前進的，來回顧一下,，先是石牌坊,，然后到了大宮門,，現(xiàn)在我們就要已經進入了長陵了。碑亭,，石象生,，過了龍鳳門，還有一段路程就可以到達長陵的陵門了,。而我們所說的整個陵墓群的中軸線其實也就是這條貫穿陵園南北,，全長共7公里的神道。
說到長陵,，它是明十三陵中的第一座陵,，始建于1420xx年，在1420xx年全部建成,，是明成祖永樂皇帝朱棣和徐皇后的合葬墓,。朱棣是明太祖朱元璋的第四個兒子，當朱元璋死后,，朱棣就以靖難為名,，從北平發(fā)兵攻下南京，并且從當時的皇帝朱允文手中奪得了皇位,，改年號為永樂,，這件事歷史上稱之為靖難之役。朱棣是一位很了不起的皇帝,，當了皇帝以后仍然為了鞏固明朝的統(tǒng)治而連年征戰(zhàn),，并且在1420xx年做出了遷都北京的重大決定。在他所統(tǒng)治的明朝年間,，國庫充實,，政局穩(wěn)定，而且還命人寫作了《永樂大典》這部我國歷史上最大的類書,，派鄭和七下西洋,，發(fā)展了各國之間友好關系。而他的賢內助徐皇后,，也就是明朝開國元勛徐達的女兒也是一位有中國古典美的女性,，她曾經編寫了《內訓》和《勸善》用以化育人心，在用了五年的時候病逝了,。值得一提的是葬入長陵的第一個人并不是朱棣,，而是徐皇后。長陵共占地10公頃,，中軸線由陵恩門,，陵恩殿，明樓，寶城和寶頂共同組成,。陵墓共有三進院,，第一進院是從陵門道陵恩門，可以看到左右兩側各有一個小碑亭,，但當時上面都沒有文字,，現(xiàn)在的文字是清順治皇帝寫上的。陵恩殿坐落在陵墓的第二進院落中,，在1412,，明永樂十四年建成，是供奉牌位和舉行祭祀活動的地方,。它面闊九間,，進深五間，是重檐廡殿頂?shù)慕ㄖ?，殿內?0根楠木柱,，中間的四根直徑都達到了一米以上，是國內最好的楠木殿,。原來陵恩殿中陳列有大佛龕,，現(xiàn)在已經沒有了，取而代之的是后人制作的永樂皇帝坐像,，大家可以繞道坐像的后邊來看一下,，可以看到椅背上刻有一條龍，而龍頭則正對著萬歷皇帝的頭部,，這象征著皇帝是真龍?zhí)熳?。而四周則是出土文物的展覽。
咱們從殿后的門一出來,，就到達了第三進院落,，每座陵墓的標志——明樓就在這里。大家可以看到這里也有一個碑亭,，石碑上刻有成祖文皇帝之陵,，因為皇帝姓朱，所以碑身也都是用的朱砂紅色,。
由于長陵的地宮沒有發(fā)掘,，所以我們在長陵的游覽就先告一段落。不過大家不用著急,，接下來我們將要去的定陵,，就可以讓大家參觀到古代皇帝的地下宮殿了,。
定陵是明朝第13位皇帝神宗萬歷朱翊鈞和孝端,、孝靖兩位皇后的合葬墓。朱翊鈞是明朝在位最久的皇帝，他的為人和永樂皇帝朱棣可以說成為了鮮明的對比,。他非常貪婪懶惰,，在他九歲即位的時候，由于有大臣張居正的輔佐,，國家發(fā)展的還算比較穩(wěn)定,，可是后來張居正病逝，他便利用這個機會為自己選擇了陵地,，花費了800萬兩白銀,，用了六年時間，建了工程質量最好的定陵,，而他居然因為陵寢修建的非常滿意,，而在地宮當中舉行了盛大的宴會，真實一位讓人苦笑不得的皇帝,。而他不僅如此,，在他在位的48年當中，竟然有20xx年不理朝政,，導致國家處于癱瘓狀態(tài),。后人評論，其實明朝滅亡的命運,，在萬歷皇帝朱翊鈞時就已經成為定局了,。他有兩位皇后，其實在開始的時候孝靖皇后身份低下,，可是與他有了一個男孩,，就是后來的“一月天子”朱常洛，母以子貴,，她就被封為貴妃,。但是她比朱翊鈞早死了九年，并沒有葬在定陵里,，直到后來追封她為太皇太后的時候,，才與萬歷皇帝朱翊鈞，孝端皇后共同葬入陵寢,。朱翊鈞的另一個皇后孝端與他沒有孩子,，在她去世后不到百日，朱翊鈞也去世了,，所以他們是同日葬入定陵的,。
過了碑亭，我們所看到的兩座高石臺基就是定陵陵恩門和陵恩殿的遺址,。這里原來也叫享殿,，它是舉行祭祀典禮的地方,，當時面闊七間，清兵入關的時候曾經遭到破壞,，到了乾隆年間,，對這里進行了修復，但是后來又遭到了破壞,。
在往前走,，我們可以看到一個陳列室，這里陳列展出的都是定陵的出土文物,，是在地宮挖掘之后興建的,。展室分為南北兩個部分，南側主要陳列地宮出土的萬歷皇帝的隨葬品,，北側則是兩位太后的隨葬品,，都非常精美，各位盡可以一飽眼福,。
現(xiàn)在來到了明樓,，它也是定陵陵墓的標志。明樓為石結構建筑,，是定陵地面保存最完好的建筑,，始終沒有遭到破壞。在明樓黃色琉璃瓦頂上,，鑲有一塊高大的石榜,，刻有定陵二字，在明樓內的碑額上篆有大名二字,，而碑身上則刻有神宗顯皇帝之陵七個大字,。它與寶城相連。寶城是一道用城磚壘起的圓形大墻,，墻上有垛口,，城墻高7.5米，上厚下薄,，周長800米,，在它圍繞的中間有一個人工堆成的大土丘，其實就是皇陵的墳頭,，叫做寶頂,。
咱們現(xiàn)在正從左側的通道走入地宮。定陵地宮的挖掘工作是從1956年5月開始的,，在1958年結束,。最開始，工作人員是發(fā)現(xiàn)了寶城西南側墻上露出了一處券門,，于是就正對著券門開了第一條探溝,，到了底部發(fā)現(xiàn)了用城磚砌成的隧道,。在三個月以后，沿著隧道的方向在明樓西面開了第二條探溝,，在這條探溝的挖掘過程中,，碰到了刻有“此時至今剛墻前皮十六丈,、深三丈五尺”的石碑,，從而得到了關于打開地宮的正確方向。工作人員沿著這個方向,，又開了第三條探溝,，最終找到了石隧道，并且發(fā)現(xiàn)了金剛墻,，打開金剛墻,，里邊有一個方形的石券室，在西側正中有兩扇漢白玉的石門,，從里邊頂著“自來石”,，而工作人員只用了鐵絲和木板，不到五分鐘,，就將沉睡了337年的定陵地宮打開了,。
地宮深度是27米，總面積達到了1195平方米,，整個建筑的用料都是磚石,，可以說是地下的無梁殿，禮制上是仿明堂的“九重法宮制”,，分為前中后左右五個殿堂由七扇漢白玉門連接,，最大的一扇高3.3米，寬1.7米,，重達4噸,，看上去很笨重，其實設計非常的合理,。石門的重心偏向門軸,，所以開關自如;門扇上橫著設有防止倒塌的青銅扇管，重量大約是10噸;在門正面雕刻有乳狀門釘和銜環(huán)鋪首,，背面與之相對應的地方有一個凸起的部分,，關門以后，自來石就承托在這里,。
在地宮前殿和左右兩個配殿中沒有任何的陳設,。而現(xiàn)在到達的中殿高7.2米，寬6米,，地面是金磚鋪地,，據記載,，這種磚會越擦越亮的。殿中陳設有漢白玉石寶座,，它的樣式和皇帝生前寶座是一樣的,，在前邊也就是孝靖和孝端皇后的寶座雕有鳳頭，而萬歷皇帝的寶座靠背和扶手都雕有龍頭,。原來寶座的陳列是呈品字形的,，后來為了方便游人參觀，才改變了陳設,。在三個寶座之前,，設有祭祀用具黃琉璃五供，包括一個香爐,，兩個燭臺,，和兩個香瓶，和嘉靖年間的青花云龍大瓷缸,，這個缸中原來是盛有香油,，里邊放有燈芯的，叫做長明燈,，但是由于關門后地宮缺氧,，所以這盞燈并沒有長明。
在中殿后面的就是后殿,，它是地宮中最大的一個殿,，高大9.5米，長31米,，寬9.1米,，地面上鋪設的是磨光的花斑石。在后殿中設有白石鑲邊的棺床一座,，中央有一個長型方孔,，中間填的是黃土，也就是選擇墓穴時的第一鏟黃土,，叫做金井,，它是整座陵寢建筑格局的基本點。在棺槨四周和棺槨內放有玉石,，或者在死者口中含有玉石,，稱為玉葬。之所以這樣,，是因為古人認為金井可以溝通陰陽,，交流生氣，而玉葬能夠保持尸體不腐爛,。金井玉葬在明清兩代是最高等級的葬禮,。當然這些都是古人的理想而已,，沒有什么科學根據。在棺床的上安放有萬歷皇帝和兩位皇后的棺槨,，還有裝隨葬品的26個木箱,。
隨著參觀定陵的活動結束，我們今天的明十三陵之行也將近尾聲了,，相信大家一定都為這座巨大的帝王陵墓群而感嘆,，隨著我國文物保護工作的不斷開展，國家投入了大量的資金修繕明十三陵,，這座規(guī)模宏大的帝王陵寢也將被永久的保存下去,。同時,，我也希望各位游客能對這里留下美好的印象,，歡迎各位下次再來參觀。
北京十三陵風景篇六
the ming tombs are located at the foot of tianshou mountain in changpingdistrict of beijing. there are 13 ming emperors buried here, so they are calledming tombs. from the seventh year of yongle (1409) to the early year of shunzhiin qing dynasty, the construction of changling was 200 years. the ming tombssystem is completed with a large scale, which is the most complete mausoleumgroup in the world with many emperors buried. in 20__, the ming tombs werelisted in the "century heritage list" by unesco, becoming a must visit place forchinese and foreign tourists to beijing.
there are sixteen emperors in the ming dynasty. why is there only the mingtombs? that's because there are three emperors in the ming dynasty who are notburied here. one is the founding emperor zhu yuanzhang, the second emperor zhuyunwen, and the other is the king tai emperor zhu qiyu. zhu di, the thirdemperor of the ming dynasty, was the first to build a mausoleum in beijing.
in july of the fifth year of yongle in the ming dynasty (1407), the empressxu of zhu di, the founder of the ming dynasty, died. zhu di ordered zhao dan,the minister of rites, and liao junqing, a jiangxi warlock, to build a mausoleumin beijing. finally, the area around louziying of kangjiazhuang in changpingdistrict today was selected as the site of the mausoleum and reported to theemperor. after zhu di personally inspected the site, he was very satisfied. henamed the mountain "tianshou mountain" and chose "auspicious day of the yellowroad" to start the construction of the mausoleum.
from the seventh year of yongle to the second year of xuande (1409-1427),it took 18 years to complete the mausoleum. empress xu was buried first, andthen zhu di himself. zhu di named his mausoleum "changling", which is the "firstmausoleum" of the ming tombs.
the follow-up decoration of changling is not over. in the jiajing period ofming dynasty, zhu houfu ordered to build the shinto of changling. large stonearchways and stele towers on shinto were built one after another. so it tookmore than 130 years for changling to be built. the shinto of the changlingmausoleum was completed in turn with the mausoleums of the successive emperorsof the ming dynasty, and became the main shinto of the ming tombs.
after the qing dynasty entered the gatt, it encountered great difficultiesin ruling the country, so the imperial court took many measures to ease thepeople's fierce resistance. for example, the postponement of shaving andchanging clothes, the restoration of imperial examination, the reuse of hanofficials, and the management of ming dynasty mausoleum.
during the reign of kangxi, every time emperor kangxi visited the south, hewould go to nanjing's xiaoling of ming dynasty to offer sacrifices to zhuyuanzhang. he also went to the right side of the shinto of xiaoling of mingdynasty (the left side was the top in ancient times) to show his respect for zhuyuanzhang, the founding emperor of ming dynasty. during the reign of yongzheng,emperor yongzheng made a wish for his son to become his father, aiming to findthe direct descendants of the ming emperor. when you find it, you'll be theofficial. during the reign of qianlong, emperor qianlong granted the descendantsof the zhu royal family first-class yan'en marquis. in addition, the qinggovernment set up a special envoy, namely eunuch guarding the mausoleum, to beresponsible for specific related matters. the tomb owners are responsible fortaking care of the cemetery buildings and the trees in the cemetery area.
during the period of the republic of china, the last generation of yan'enmarquis was zhu yuxun. because of his laziness and self-discipline, thegovernment of the republic of china removed him from all his duties related tothe custody of the mausoleum area, and from then on, yan'en hou withdrew fromthe stage of history.
now the ming tombs, under the protection and repair of the government, haverestored part of the landscape. the whole mausoleum is composed of thirteenmausoleums: chang, xian, jing, yu, mao, tai, kang, yong, zhao, ding, qing, deand si, which are arranged at the foot of tianshou mountain. on the left ismangshan, which is a symbol of green dragon, and on the right is huyu, which isa symbol of white tiger. in front of the mountain, there is a small stream,which forms a pool in the southeast. this is the famous ming tombs are also 23 queens, one imperial concubine, dozens of people who died inthe funeral palace, seven imperial concubine tombs and one eunuch tomb.
as tourist attractions, four of them are open to the outside world. theyare changling shinto, changling, dingling and zhaoling. i'm going to talk aboutchangling today.
the owner of changling tomb is zhu di, the third emperor of ming dynastyand the fourth son of zhu yuanzhang, the emperor of ming dynasty. he was born in1360 and died in 1424.
zhu di's life was full of ups and downs. at the age of 11, he was grantedthe title of king of yan. at the age of 17, he married xu da's eldest daughter,the xu family. at the age of 21, he took office in beiping (that is, beijing)and became the highest chief executive of beiping region, integrating military,political and power. at the age of 40, he fought in the name of "jingnan" andtook nanjing for four years. he won the throne from his nephew zhu yunwen andbecame the third emperor of the ming dynasty.
zhu di has been in power for 22 years. when he was in power, he wasdiligent in government affairs, concerned about the people and lived a simplelife.
the most outstanding achievements are as follows: first, he presided overthe compilation of yongle canon; second, he sent zheng he to the western ocean;third, he built four cultural relics and historic sites which are rated as"world cultural heritage" by modern people. (the palace museum, the temple ofheaven, the ming tombs, wudang mountain taoist complex in hubei province).
of course, zhu di's life has also been seen by today's less glorious example, the establishment of the east chamber secret service, the "jingnancampaign" to usurp the throne, and the "renwu martyrdom" to kill the courtiersin zhu yunwen's period left a bad impression of being violent and murderous.
zhu di is a "son of the horse". because of martial arts, he gained fame;because of martial arts, he won the throne; because of martial arts, he expandedhis territory. but death, also died in the march. zhu di died in yumuchuan, nowin duolun, inner mongolia, during his fifth personal expedition to mobei. he was65 years old and buried in changling.
zhu di is another brilliant emperor after the founding emperor zhuyuanzhang of ming dynasty.
changling, the mausoleum of zhu di, is located on the south side of themain peak of tianshou mountain. it is the largest, longest built and most wellpreserved mausoleum of the ming tombs. the layout features "front and backcircle". "front" refers to a group of three entrance courtyards, and "backcircle" refers to baoding, the tomb of zhu di.
in front of this three entrance courtyard, the first entrance to thecourtyard is the mausoleum gate, with a single eaves resting on the top of themountain. it is five rooms wide and three doors open in the middle. it is builton the platform. the first thing you can see in the courtyard is a stelepavilion. other buildings were destroyed in the middle of the qing dynasty.
the second gate to enter the courtyard is juen gate. when you enter juengate, you will see juen hall.
the li'en hall of changling is covered with yellow glazed tiles, doubleeaves, veranda roof, 95 bay, supported by 60 phoebe pillars and covered with"gold bricks", covering an area of 1938 square meters. such a large hall, butalso are the pillars of phoebe, is rare in the domestic ancient itself is very precious. the 32 gold pillars in the li'en hall ofchangling are up to 12.58 meters in height and about 1 meter in diameter. thefour in the middle are the thickest, with a diameter of 1.124 meters. they can'tclose each other. moreover, the ming dynasty did not leave the standard for theofficial construction of ancient buildings. the juen hall of changling mausoleumhas become a rare object to study the official buildings in the early mingdynasty, but it is the only well preserved juen hall in the ming tombs, which isvery worthy of tourists to visit.
after li en hall, through the inner red gate, we came to the thirdcourtyard. first of all, you can see the lingxing gate, and then you can see thestone confession case, on which there are stone five confessions. they are:incense burner in the middle, candlesticks on both sides, and incense bottles onboth sides. to the north of shiwugong is minglou.
minglou is part of houyuan, which refers to zhu di's mausoleum. it iscomposed of minglou, fangcheng, baocheng and baoding (baoshan). if you see sucha ming tower in the ming tombs, it means that an emperor of the ming dynasty isburied behind it.
the ming tower is built on the square city, with double eaves resting onthe top of the mountain. inside the ming tower is the "shenghao stele". thefirst part of the stele is engraved with "daming" in seal characters, and thebody of the stele is engraved with "the mausoleum of emperor chengzuwen". thepedestal under the body of the tablet is spanided into four layers. the firstlayer is erlongxizhu, followed by baiyun, mountains and sea water. "shenghaostele" is equivalent to the tombstone in front of the mausoleum, indicating thatzhu di was buried inside.
behind minglou is baocheng baoding. baoding, also known as baoshan, isbuilt by hand rammed earth. baoshan is surrounded by a ring of city walls, 7.3meters high, with crenels on it, and the circumference is 1 km. it is calledbaocheng. below the mountain is the underground palace. but the undergroundpalace of changling was not opened. the only underground palace opened in theming tombs was dingling, the tomb of zhu yijun.
it turns out that in the early ming dynasty, there was a system ofsacrificial burial after the death of the emperor, which was called the systemof sacrificial burial. originated in the primitive society, slaves were buriedwith a large number of slaves and livestock. after the death of zhu yuanzhang,the emperor of ming dynasty, this brutal system of human sacrifice was carriedout. when zhu yuanzhang died, 38 people were buried; zhu di buried 16 people;zhu gaochi buried 5 people; zhu zhanji buried 10 people. the palace maids orconcubines who were buried with the emperor were granted the title of "chaotianfemale household" by the emperor. it was not until zhuqi town, yingzong of mingdynasty, that the system of martyrdom was abolished.
yingzong zhuqi town is fatuous and incompetent. after being a prisoner andlosing the throne, he was released by the enemy and returned to beijing. withthe help of eunuchs, he used stratagem to become emperor again. there are twoyears, one is orthodox and the other is tianshun. he was definitely not a goodemperor in the history of ming dynasty, but he abolished the system of humansacrifice, which was a good thing in his lifetime.
however, it is not known where the maids were buried in the ming tombs, andit still needs to be researched by later generations.
ok, i'll introduce you to the ming tombs.
北京十三陵風景篇七
dear friends, now i would like to introduce the dingling ng mausoleum is the only mausoleum with underground palace opened amongthe ming tombs. it is the joint burial mausoleum of the 13th emperor of mingdynasty zhu yijun and his two emperors xiaoduan and xiaojing. it is located infront of dayu mountain of tianshou mountain and was built in 1590 ad.
zhu yijun's year name is wanli, which means to be emperor for 10000 gh it didn't come true, it also set a record for the ming emperor, thatis, the emperor with the longest reign. emperor wanli succeeded to the throne atthe age of 10 and began to build his own mausoleum and underground palace at theage of 22. the whole project lasted six years and consumed more than 8 milliontaels of silver. during his 48 years in office, he almost ignored thegovernment, and was buried in the harem all day long. he was fond of drinkingand often killed people drunk. after his death, he was buried in dingling.
emperor wanli had two empresses, empress xiaoduan and empress s xiaojing was only a concubine when she died. according to theregulations of the ming dynasty, empress xiaojing could not enter theunderground palace after her death, so she was buried in other places. after thecrown prince succeeded to the throne, he was granted the title of empressdowager xiaojing. after the death of empress xiaoduan and emperor wanli, empressxiaojing was moved to the underground palace. so there is a emperor and twoempresses buried in the underground palace. the underground palace of dinglingwas opened in 1957, and more than 3000 cultural relics were unearthed, whichcaused a sensation all over the world.
at present, dingling has become a national key scenic spot, a 4a scenicspot, and tourists from all over the world come to visit it every day.
the whole cemetery was originally composed of lingmen, lingen men, lingenhall, minglou, baocheng, baoding and the left and right side halls in front ofminglou. after nearly 500 years of life, the original lingen gate and lingenhall have been destroyed, only the base is left. because the ming tower ofdingling is made of stone and is not afraid of fire, it is still well let's take a look at the site of lingen gate and lingen hall.
ladies and gentlemen, we are now standing at the site of lingen hall ofdingling. now we can see the column foundation of the hall. lingen hall is amain hall for sacrifice. originally, there were tablets for emperors and queensin the hall. the lingen gate and the lingen hall of the dingling mausoleum wereburned when the qing soldiers entered the pass. later, emperor qianlongrenovated the ming tombs in order to attract the han people, but mostly reducedthe scale.
it is said that qianlong used the method of stealing beams and replacingpillars to transport the original coarse timber of the ming tombs to the westernand eastern tombs of the qing dynasty, and rebuilt the ming tombs with smalltimber. therefore, it is necessary to reduce the regulation. up to now, there isstill a popular saying that "qianlong, unjust, demolished the great tombs andchanged the small ming tombs".
the first exhibition room mainly displays the relics unearthed from theemperor's coffin, including posthumous treasures, posthumous volumes, goldencrowns, jade belts, gold and silver vessels, silk fabrics, etc. the secondexhibition room mainly displays the cultural relics unearthed from the coffinsof the two queens, including phoenix crowns, headdresses, gemstones and otherdaily necessities used in life. now you can visit it free of charge. pleasedon't take photos or video in the exhibition room. thank you for yourcooperation. we will gather in front of minglou in ten minutes.
