在日常學(xué)習(xí)、工作或生活中,,大家總少不了接觸作文或者范文吧,,通過文章可以把我們那些零零散散的思想,,聚集在一塊。大家想知道怎么樣才能寫一篇比較優(yōu)質(zhì)的范文嗎,?下面是小編幫大家整理的優(yōu)質(zhì)范文,,僅供參考,大家一起來看看吧,。
復(fù)旦翻譯系篇一
第一節(jié)新聞報(bào)道
一,、新聞翻譯的特點(diǎn)
1、翻譯講求實(shí)效
2,、可以適當(dāng)增減
?翻譯:遵循翻譯標(biāo)準(zhǔn)進(jìn)行全文翻譯,。
?編譯:緊扣原作主題思想,從原作選取最有價(jià)值的內(nèi)容,,遵循篇章構(gòu)建的一般規(guī)律,,基本按照原作的時(shí)間先后順序和邏輯關(guān)系組織行文,再按照翻譯的一般原則,,將其譯成目的語的過程,。(王濤 2004)
?摘譯:摘取一些認(rèn)為重要的或者說傳達(dá)了重要信息的段落和內(nèi)容。(俞建村 2001)(注意:必須完整地翻譯抽取的內(nèi)容,。)
?參見教材第十章 ―翻譯的類型‖ p135.3,、符合寫作要求
(1)手法:
?以盡可能有趣的方式將一定事實(shí)展現(xiàn)出來。
(2)結(jié)構(gòu):
? 編年史法(chronological method):
依照事實(shí)發(fā)生先后按時(shí)間順序敘述,。
? 新聞導(dǎo)語法(news lead method):
依照事實(shí)的重要性來鋪陳,、排列事實(shí)。
(3)語言:
? 具體,、準(zhǔn)確,、簡明、通俗,、生動(dòng),。
4、內(nèi)容力求準(zhǔn)確
二,、新聞的翻譯
?標(biāo)題的翻譯
?電頭的翻譯
?導(dǎo)語的翻譯
?正文的翻譯
?了解背景知識(shí)
例:
us missile targets iraqi radar site
washington: a united states air force f-16 fighter plane fired a missile at an iraqi radar site after the jet was tracked electronically while in the ―no-fly‖ zone over southern iraq, the pentagon said the white house, explaining a long delay in announcing the strike, said it was unclear whether iraqi radar has ―locked on‖ to the plane on saturday.a pentagon spokesman said the f-16 returned safely to its base in saudi was not immediately known if the iraqi site was spokesman, confirming the strike about 18 hours after it occurred, said an investigation was under denied any such incident had taken place.美導(dǎo)彈擊中伊拉克雷達(dá)基地
華盛頓電:五角大樓昨日宣稱:一架美空軍f-16戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)在伊拉克南部禁飛區(qū)被電子跟蹤后,,向伊一雷達(dá)基地發(fā)射了導(dǎo)彈。
但是白宮在解釋拖延很久才公布這次打擊行動(dòng)的原因時(shí)稱:星期六時(shí)尚不清楚伊雷達(dá)是否已―鎖定‖了這架飛機(jī),。
五角大樓的一位發(fā)言人說,,該f—16戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)已安全返回設(shè)在沙特阿拉伯的基地,伊雷
達(dá)站是否被摧毀尚無法立刻得知,。該發(fā)言人在這次打擊行動(dòng)發(fā)生18小時(shí)后證實(shí)了此事,,并說正在進(jìn)行調(diào)查。伊拉克卻否認(rèn)有此事件發(fā)生,。
1,、標(biāo)題的翻譯
?特點(diǎn):
簡明扼要,,立意新穎,生動(dòng)醒目而又不拘一格,。
例:boy, 7, killed by ejection from cockpit of navy jet
plo says big israeli drive ahead
irish demo clash
start announced to begin june 29
(1)縮略詞語
? 縮寫詞
例1:npc
cppcc
opec
unesco
例2: vip
ceo
pm
mp
例3: pc
ufo
tb
dji
縮略詞主要包括機(jī)構(gòu)名稱,、人物或職位名稱和日常熟知的事物。
?簡縮詞
例1:copter
flu
lib
telly
biz
例2:ecopolitics
reaganomics
例3:brez
maggie
(2)簡短表達(dá)
例1:cops under fire
population shock
starvation
例2:the 43-year arab-israeli conflict
the president’s cease-fire announcement
farm product
protestors
police killer’s jail death not unexpected
(3)―時(shí)髦‖新詞
例:moon walk
earth rise
capitalese
containerization
catch
feed
machine
shuttle diplomacy
a ―yesable‖ proposition
(4)省略現(xiàn)象
例1:patient loses heart, gets 3rd
例2:bankers keep silent as dollar falls
例3:economists told china’s program unchanged
例4:anne and baby are well
(5)時(shí)態(tài)
例1: erupts
non-aligned body makes new effort
例2:thatcher tells why she fired minister
nehru backed tibet uprising—rebel chief
例3:opposition to viet invasion force growing
india mending fences
例4:australia to import diesels from china
pope to visit japan in february2,、電頭
?電頭,,又叫做“消息頭”。指電訊稿件播發(fā)的新聞單位,、地點(diǎn),、時(shí)間的說明,也有只說明新聞單位和時(shí)間,。稿件用?°電報(bào)電傳電話?±等方式發(fā)往外地稱“電”,,發(fā)給當(dāng)?shù)氐姆Q“訊”。?新聞通訊社的稿件常常以“××社××地×月×日電”作為電頭,?!氨緢?bào)訊”“本臺(tái)訊”則是為了表明這篇稿件是自己的記者或者通訊員的作品,如果是外埠采訪也必須注明發(fā)稿的地點(diǎn)時(shí)間,,可以寫成本臺(tái)××地×月×日專電,。
?熟悉主要通訊社和媒體的名稱,、簡稱等,。
例:ap
upi
reuters
afp
xinhua
chinanews
kyodo
efe3、導(dǎo)語
?新聞導(dǎo)語——是就以簡要的文句,,突出最重要,、最新鮮或最富有個(gè)性特點(diǎn)的事實(shí),提示新聞要旨,,吸引讀者閱讀全文的消息的開頭部分,。
?翻譯導(dǎo)語時(shí)要使用清晰、簡潔,、生動(dòng)的詞語突出主要信息,。
, august 19(reuter)–thepresident’s visit has turned a new page in relation between the two countries,mass media here say.譯:路透社北京8月19日電,,此間新聞界認(rèn)為,,總統(tǒng)此次來訪為兩國關(guān)系揭開了新的一頁。, oct 20(reuter via xinhua)—london market closed mixed on profit taking after a higher opening in fairly active trading, it was announced herel.譯:新華社轉(zhuǎn)引路透社10月20日電,,此間人士稱,,倫敦股市開市時(shí)股價(jià)上揚(yáng),交易相當(dāng)活躍,。由于一些持股者獲利后拋盤,,收盤時(shí)有漲有跌,。
4、正文
(1)形象化,、口語化詞匯
例1: pioneer colleges face axe
chun axes 37 judges in shake-up
british students knifed in france
china says ―yes‖ to talks with moscow
(2)抽象化詞匯
例1: penal experts say studies have shown that imprisonment is not a deterrent to crime.例2:the mechanics of this indoctrination are familiar to everyone—the pledge of allegiance, the national anthem, the solute to the flag.例3:a lot of diana’s appeal comes from her stunning physical presence.例4:alternatives are available at every stage of the judicial process from arrest to sentencing.(3)詞語借代
例:french election results annoy moscow
talks on africa at no.10
$227 billion tax on crude oil is cleared by hill
(4)結(jié)構(gòu)松散
例1: said that the soviet leader’s response to the message, sent on friday, had been inadequate.譯文:卡特先生說,,蘇聯(lián)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人對(美國)星期五發(fā)出的電報(bào)的回復(fù),不足以說明問題,。
例2:the announcement on the failure of the mission, which apparently originated in egypt, come form the white house spokesman jody powell expressed deep regret at the deaths of the american forces involved.譯文:白宮發(fā)言人佐迪·鮑威爾宣布拯救行動(dòng)失敗,,對參加此役的美國部隊(duì)的死亡事故深表遺憾;而這次拯救行動(dòng)顯然是從埃及出發(fā)的,。
練習(xí)
kan inspects quake-hit region
prime minister naoto kan has visited an emergency-stricken nuclear power plant in fukushima prefecture and inspected the quake-hit pacific coast, northeastern left tokyo on a self-defense force helicopter on saturday morning for the fukushima no.1 nuclear head of the plant, which is operated by tokyo electric power company, briefed the prime minister on the current status of the plant and responses to the instructed the plant chief to place top priority on the safety of local residents and take proper and swift by helicopter, kan inspected the quake-battered coastal areas, including the cities of sendai and ishinomaki in miyagi watched a blazing industrial complex and residential districts devastated by tsunami returning to his official residence in tokyo, the prime minister told reporters that he felt the damage wrought by the tsunamis is very serious.參考譯文
菅直人今早視察災(zāi)區(qū)
日本首相菅直人親自前往已宣布實(shí)施―緊急狀態(tài)‖的福島第一核電站,,同時(shí)還視察了東北部沿海的地震災(zāi)區(qū)。
今天(周六)早晨,,菅直人乘坐自衛(wèi)隊(duì)直升機(jī)出發(fā)前往東京電力公司福島第一核電站視察,。
核電站負(fù)責(zé)人就設(shè)施狀況、恢復(fù)措施等做出了說明,,在聽取匯報(bào)之后,,菅直人首相表示,要以周圍居民的安危為重,,希望盡快落實(shí)應(yīng)對措施,。
隨后,菅直人首相還從空中視察了宮城縣仙臺(tái)市,、石卷市等遭受海嘯侵襲的沿岸地區(qū),,親眼目睹了正在燃燒的工業(yè)園區(qū),以及海嘯過后磚瓦散亂,,積水不退的居民住宅等,。
菅直人首相返回首相官邸后,對記者們表示,,他親身體會(huì)到了海嘯災(zāi)情十分嚴(yán)重,。
中文報(bào)道
菅直人今早視察災(zāi)區(qū)
日本首相菅直人今天(12日)親自要求視察災(zāi)區(qū)。早上6點(diǎn),,菅直人乘坐自衛(wèi)隊(duì)直升機(jī)從首相官邸出發(fā),,前往已宣布實(shí)施―緊急狀態(tài)‖的東京電力福島第一核電站視察。
核電站負(fù)責(zé)人就設(shè)施狀況,、恢復(fù)措施等做出了說明,,在聽取匯報(bào)之后,菅直人首相表示,,要以周圍居民的安危為重,,希望盡快落實(shí)應(yīng)對措施。
此后,菅直人首相還從空中視察了宮城縣仙臺(tái)市,、石卷市等遭受海嘯侵襲的沿岸地區(qū),,親眼目睹了正在燃燒的集裝箱,以及海嘯過后磚瓦散亂,,積水不退的居民住宅等,。
菅直人首相上午11點(diǎn)前返回首相官邸,他表情嚴(yán)肅地對記者們說,,他親身體會(huì)到了海嘯災(zāi)情十分嚴(yán)重,。
復(fù)旦翻譯系篇二
英譯漢翻譯如是說
文/章袆 來源:杭州新東方學(xué)校網(wǎng)站
韓素音青年翻譯獎(jiǎng)是我國翻譯工作者協(xié)會(huì)和《中國翻譯》編輯部共同創(chuàng)辦并以已故英籍華裔女作家韓素音女士命名的全國性翻譯獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng),此項(xiàng)翻譯競賽,,是目前中國翻譯界組織時(shí)間最長,、規(guī)模最大、影響最廣,、規(guī)格最高的翻譯大賽,。“韓素音青年翻譯獎(jiǎng)”是專為中國青年人設(shè)立,,為中國翻譯界最高獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng),。章袆,華中理工大學(xué)英語專業(yè)在讀學(xué)生,,上海新東方新概念部教師,。在翻譯方面頗有造詣,2005年11月榮獲第十七屆全國“韓素音青年翻譯大賽”英譯漢單元中的二等獎(jiǎng)(一等獎(jiǎng)空缺),;漢譯英單元中的優(yōu)秀獎(jiǎng),。曾多次獲得國家級(jí)、上海市各項(xiàng)英語競賽獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng),。我們在本期雜志中的“名人名篇”欄目中為讀者獻(xiàn)上了章袆在“韓素音青年翻譯大賽”中的獲獎(jiǎng)作品節(jié)選,,敬請關(guān)注,。
我從正式開始學(xué)習(xí)翻譯到現(xiàn)在,,不過兩年時(shí)間。作為一個(gè)年輕的翻譯愛好者,,我對翻譯這門讓人時(shí)而絕望時(shí)而又充滿希望的藝術(shù),,有著自己最真實(shí)的經(jīng)歷與感悟。在此想借本文與所有翻譯新手共勉,。
關(guān)于英漢互譯的研究著作可謂汗牛充棟,,各種派別觀點(diǎn)層出不窮,讓后來者眼花繚亂,,卻又無從選擇,。其實(shí)從英譯漢的角度來說,究其本質(zhì),過程無非就兩個(gè)步驟:
1,、準(zhǔn)確理解英文原文,;
2、用地道的中文表達(dá)原文的含義,。
如何準(zhǔn)確理解英文原文
我們先來談?wù)劦谝粋€(gè)步驟,,如何準(zhǔn)確理解英文原文——這一點(diǎn)說白了就是考驗(yàn)譯者的閱讀理解能力。如果說在閱讀中遇到不認(rèn)識(shí)的單詞或詞組,,譯者尚且能夠通過查閱字典的方式解決的話,,那么英語中繁復(fù)多樣的句式往往就不是一本字典可以打發(fā)的了。尤其在閱讀文學(xué)性較強(qiáng)的英語作品時(shí),,作者行云流水般的筆觸通常都是借助豐富多變的句型來表現(xiàn)的,。這些英語作品與我們?nèi)粘=炭茣局羞x取的文章相比,往往來得更為艱深難懂,。怎么辦,?惟一的辦法就是從頭做起:
1、確保自己在學(xué)校中或是培訓(xùn)班上接觸到的一切閱讀材料都能夠完全透徹地理解,。
千萬不要小瞧學(xué)校老師為你選擇的閱讀教材,,或許它們所觸及的話題不是非常新鮮前衛(wèi),或許它們涵蓋的內(nèi)容與你的興趣愛好相悖,。但是,,它們卻能在不經(jīng)意間為你打下閱讀基礎(chǔ)的堅(jiān)實(shí)棟梁。
2,、在學(xué)有余力的基礎(chǔ)上,,可以選擇一些英語課外讀物來擴(kuò)充自己的閱讀量。
對具體英語讀物的選擇其實(shí)還是有些講究的,。比如,,有些學(xué)生對文學(xué)類作品很感興趣,但并不意味著他們在一開始就該選擇那些厚得像磚塊一樣的原版名著來閱讀,,因?yàn)檫@樣做無異于“自殺”,。究其原因,僅其中的生詞就足以使閱讀者信心全無,。那么,,那些有中英文對照的版本是否能稱為上佳之選呢?答案依然為否,。因?yàn)檫@極易激發(fā)讀者的惰性,,尤其對閱讀量有限的讀者來說更是如此。
對此我的建議是,,選擇那些名著的縮寫本,,并且是配有詳細(xì)注釋的版本,。在閱讀過程中,讀者往往很難定位陌生的詞組或表達(dá),。比如說有這樣一句話:he said that i was way out of that girl’s league.初次見到這個(gè)表達(dá)的人可能以為只要查到league的中文意思問題就解決了,,他們無法立刻意識(shí)到,a be out of b’s league是一個(gè)完整的詞組表達(dá)式,,其含義是:a君配不上b君,;而句中的way一詞,也不是我們以前學(xué)過的“道路”或者“方式,、方法”的意思,,而應(yīng)解釋為“遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)地”或是“過于”。所以,,全句的正確理解應(yīng)為:他說我壓根兒就配不上那個(gè)女孩子,。如果讀者選擇讀物的時(shí)候能夠找到有類似這樣配以注釋的版本,閱讀起來就既不會(huì)因?yàn)樯~過多而灰心,,同時(shí)又能夠逐漸培養(yǎng)定位詞組的語感了,。
3、將新鮮或新學(xué)的詞組記錄在筆記本上,,并連同該詞組出現(xiàn)的句子一起寫下,,以供隨時(shí)重溫。
有時(shí)候,,僅寫下詞組對我們的記憶來說是一項(xiàng)很大的挑戰(zhàn),,因?yàn)槲覀兛赡芎芸炀蜁?huì)忘記其含義。即使當(dāng)初在一旁寫下了中文意思,,時(shí)間一長就會(huì)忘記應(yīng)如何使用它了,。這時(shí)如果為該詞組提供背景環(huán)境,不但能夠加深我們對它的記憶,,也可以為日后模仿成句提供現(xiàn)成例子,。
對英語原文的準(zhǔn)確理解是英譯漢的第一步。形象說來,,這一步就像是“踩點(diǎn)”,,一定要踩得準(zhǔn)、踩得到位,,只有這樣才能為下一步轉(zhuǎn)換成中文打好基礎(chǔ),。
如何使行文變得“地道”
英譯漢的第二步是用地道的中文表達(dá)原文的含義,。這對譯者的中文功底是一個(gè)十足的考驗(yàn),。這里的“地道”指的是,譯文不會(huì)讓人感覺到有英語原文的痕跡,,就好像它原來就是一篇中文作品一樣,。
很多時(shí)候,,譯者對原文的理解沒有問題,但是要將這粗糙,、原始,、零碎的理解升華為通順、精致,、具整體性的另一種語言,,并用符合該語言習(xí)慣用法的表達(dá)轉(zhuǎn)述出來,往往就不是那么容易了,。尤其當(dāng)原文是以精確簡約著稱的英語,,而目標(biāo)語言是慣于華美繁復(fù)的漢語時(shí),我們往往就得花費(fèi)更多的工夫去打磨譯文,,才能彌合兩種語言之間的溝壑,。那么我們?nèi)绾闻囵B(yǎng)出這種“地道”的翻譯呢?
再拿前文提到過的一個(gè)句子為例:he said that i was way out of that girl’s league.句中way一詞若單獨(dú)解釋,,則可以理解為“過于”或“遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)地”等含義,,但是如果直接放置到句中,其譯文則成為:他說我過于配不上那個(gè)女孩子,;他說我遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)配不上那個(gè)女孩子,;與我們給出的譯文“他說我壓根兒就配不上那個(gè)女孩子”相比,“過于”和“遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)”顯然都不如“壓根兒”來得地道,,雖然從本質(zhì)上講,,這三個(gè)詞的含義都很相近。你一定想問:我怎么就想不到“壓根兒”這個(gè)詞呢,?那是因?yàn)槟銢]有成功進(jìn)行角色的變換,。
什么叫做角色的變換?
當(dāng)我們做到上文所講的第一步“準(zhǔn)確理解英文原文的含義”后,,我們的思維會(huì)在不經(jīng)意間嵌入英文語言的模式,。這時(shí),只有成功脫離該模式,,進(jìn)入換位思考的狀態(tài),,才有可能在最大程度上激活自身的漢語表達(dá)能力。面對這種情況,,我們應(yīng)該將原文的含義提取出來,,暫存在大腦中,,想想作為一個(gè)中國人,,他會(huì)怎樣來表達(dá)這層意思;或者回想自己有沒有親歷過類似的情況,,自己當(dāng)時(shí)又是如何表達(dá)的呢,?如此這般,,較為地道的用語就能信手拈來了,。
又如這么一個(gè)句子:but the same advantage would apply to all species, and yet we alone compose symphonies and crossword puzzles, carve stone into statues, map time and space.原文理解起來并不困難,但若跳不出英語的思維模式,、不考慮中文慣用表達(dá),、逐字翻譯,其結(jié)果就是:但是同樣的優(yōu)勢將會(huì)出現(xiàn)在所有的物種身上,,然而惟獨(dú)我們譜寫出交響曲和字謎游戲,,將石頭刻成雕像,劃分時(shí)間和空間,。
這樣的翻譯不能說有錯(cuò),,但是中文的美感全無。翻譯界前輩總結(jié)的“信達(dá)雅”是以信達(dá)為基礎(chǔ),,以雅為目標(biāo)的三步翻譯標(biāo)準(zhǔn),,其中最難把握的也就是這第三步“雅”的境界。下面我們來具體分析一下這個(gè)句子的各個(gè)部分,。
首先要注意的詞是第一個(gè)分句中的would,,這個(gè)詞可不是隨便用的,它除了在過去將來時(shí)中會(huì)出現(xiàn)以外,,還會(huì)出現(xiàn)在虛擬語氣里,。在此我們可大致判斷,第一個(gè)分句其實(shí)是一個(gè)省略虛擬句式,,即省略的非真實(shí)條件句,,而被省略的部分就是該非真實(shí)條件復(fù)合句中的條件部分,而我們看到的只是結(jié)果部分,。所以有必要將條件部分還原為:如果自然界中所有的物種都擁有發(fā)現(xiàn)美的能力,,那么它們都將在進(jìn)化過程中稱霸一方。
第二個(gè)小分句and yet we alone compose symphonies and crossword puzzles, carve stone into statues, map time and space中,,值得注意的地方可不少:
(1)整個(gè)句子的結(jié)構(gòu):and yet we alone如同一個(gè)統(tǒng)領(lǐng)的標(biāo)志,后面的compose?, carve?, map?分別是其下的三個(gè)并列動(dòng)賓詞組,。如何翻譯此類句子?
在這里我們可以采用類似數(shù)學(xué)中合并同類項(xiàng)的做法——將and yet we alone先提取出來總述,,然后將后面的三個(gè)動(dòng)賓詞組作為分述,,譯文為:然而,惟獨(dú)人類在演變中獨(dú)占鰲頭:我們譜寫交響曲??
(2)動(dòng)詞compose后面跟的兩個(gè)賓語symphonies和crossword puzzles該如何處理,?雖然原文里只用了一個(gè)動(dòng)詞,,但是在中文里面卻很難找到這樣一個(gè)動(dòng)詞能夠同時(shí)搭配交響曲和字謎游戲,所以在翻譯過程中,,應(yīng)將一個(gè)compose拆分為兩個(gè)中文動(dòng)詞,,與兩個(gè)賓語分別搭配,譯文為:我們譜寫交響曲,,創(chuàng)造字謎游戲,;
(3)那么carve stone into statues, map time and space這兩個(gè)動(dòng)賓結(jié)構(gòu)又該如何處理呢,?在這里可以延續(xù)前面的主語“我們”: 我們譜寫交響曲,,創(chuàng)造字謎游戲,,刻石頭成雕像,劃分時(shí)間空間,,但是,,這樣的譯本就看似平淡,沒有層次感,。如果我們根據(jù)意群對該分句進(jìn)行二度劃分,,就能把劃分符放在carve之前,將后兩個(gè)動(dòng)賓詞組合為一組,,與前文分開,。同時(shí),采用主賓對換的方式使得句式結(jié)構(gòu)富于變換,,即不再使用“我們”作為動(dòng)賓結(jié)構(gòu)的主語,,而是讓原本處于賓語地位的stone和time and space翻身作主人,這一切變換措施只需要借助一個(gè)小小的地點(diǎn)狀語即可實(shí)現(xiàn):在我們的手中,,頑石誕生為雕像,,時(shí)空歸依為坐標(biāo)。全句翻譯如下:如果自然界中所有的物種都擁有發(fā)現(xiàn)美的能力,,那么它們都將在進(jìn)化過程中稱霸一方,。然而,惟獨(dú)人類在演變中獨(dú)占鰲頭:我們譜寫交響曲,,創(chuàng)造字謎游戲,;在我們的手中,頑石誕生為雕像,,時(shí)空歸依為坐標(biāo),。這樣一來,整句中的小結(jié)構(gòu)里又透出工整對仗之意,,大結(jié)構(gòu)上又十分富有層次感,,也不失變化;讀來全無英文的痕跡,,而又忠于原文,,這才是令人頗為滿意的好譯文。
綜上所述,,翻譯兩部曲中的第二步是“成品”的關(guān)鍵所在,。譯者在此既要有跳出原文束縛的能力,又不能一蹦三丈遠(yuǎn)——完全脫離原文內(nèi)容實(shí)質(zhì),、憑空創(chuàng)造,;也就是說,,譯者還得有將譯文“靠”回原文的本領(lǐng)。翻譯之路如此漫漫,,大家還需不斷“上下而求索”,,希望我的這篇文章能夠在此給大家“拋磚引玉”。
復(fù)旦翻譯系篇三
復(fù)旦名教授英譯漢翻譯講義1
unit 1
i.英漢翻譯原理第一講: 什么是翻譯,?
【例1】
the history of a tree from the time it starts in the forest until the boards which it yields are used, would form an interesting and, in many instances, an exciting story.(“×”號(hào)表示譯文有問題,,下同)×樹的歷史開始于森林中,直到生產(chǎn)為木板后被使用為止,,成為一個(gè)有趣且有許多事例的激動(dòng)人心的故事,。
上面這句話的原文實(shí)際上主要說了兩點(diǎn)內(nèi)容:
1、樹的歷史的起迄時(shí)間
2,、樹的歷史是怎樣一回事
【譯文】
一棵樹,,從它在森林中生長起直到被制成木板使用為止,這段歷史會(huì)構(gòu)成一個(gè)饒有趣味的故事,,在很多情況下這個(gè)故事十分激動(dòng)人心,。
【例2】
there are two regulatory systems which timing system comes from the evidence of our senses and stomachs, and the periodicity we experience when living in a particular time zone.×有兩個(gè)調(diào)節(jié)系統(tǒng)相互作用。一個(gè)定時(shí)系統(tǒng)來自于我們的感官和胃的證明,,就是當(dāng)我們生活在一個(gè)特定的時(shí)區(qū)所經(jīng)歷的周期性,。【譯文】
人體有兩個(gè)相互作用的時(shí)間調(diào)節(jié)系統(tǒng),。一個(gè)時(shí)間調(diào)節(jié)系統(tǒng)依據(jù)感官和胃發(fā)出的信息,,依據(jù)我們生活在某個(gè)時(shí)區(qū)所體驗(yàn)的周期性規(guī)律。尋找對等詞語和結(jié)構(gòu)然后將其串接成句的翻譯方法,,常表現(xiàn)如下:
1,、簡單語句的譯文雖然生硬,但基本可讀,。如:
【例3】
i can see three different types of composers in musical history, each of whom creates music in a somewhat different fashion.【錯(cuò)誤】我能看到音樂史上有三種不同的作曲家,,他們中每一個(gè)人以某種不同的方式創(chuàng)作音樂。
【譯文】
我發(fā)現(xiàn)音樂史上有三類作曲家,,他們各自的音樂創(chuàng)作方式有所不同,。
2、較復(fù)雜語句的譯文似通非通,,甚至不知所云,。如:
【例4】
the traditionalist type of composer begins with a pattern rather than with a creative act with palestrina is not the thematic conception so much as the personal treatment of a well-established pattern.【錯(cuò)誤】傳統(tǒng)主義型作曲家始于某種格調(diào)而非某種主題。帕萊斯特里納的創(chuàng)作行為不太像對固定格調(diào)進(jìn)行個(gè)性化處理的主題概念,?!咀g文】
傳統(tǒng)型作曲家是從形式出發(fā)而不是從主題出發(fā)進(jìn)行創(chuàng)作的。帕萊斯特里納的創(chuàng)作不是主題的構(gòu)思,而是對固定形式的個(gè)性化處理,。
3,、典型的英語表達(dá)形式在漢語無法找到對等形式,翻譯無從著手,。如:考博論壇-j2 b.k* v/ w(j 【例5】
find rity will come--with the people who respect you for who you are.【譯文】
發(fā)現(xiàn)自我,,如實(shí)地表現(xiàn)自我,你自然會(huì)為人們所喜歡--為那些尊重你的真正個(gè)性的人們所喜歡,。
【例6】
where do you expect shanghai to be in five years? 【譯文】
你預(yù)計(jì)今后五年上海的發(fā)展目標(biāo)如何,?
翻譯不是一種語言中的詞語和語句結(jié)構(gòu)到另一種語言的詞語和語句結(jié)構(gòu)的簡單轉(zhuǎn)換,,也不是在另一種語言中尋找與一種語言中對等的詞語和語句結(jié)構(gòu)然后將其串接成句的過程,。在英漢翻譯中,如果把眼光盯著原文的詞語和語句結(jié)構(gòu)這些屬于語言層次的東西,,結(jié)果翻譯出來的只是一種文字層次的轉(zhuǎn)換,,徒具其形,原文的內(nèi)容和意義不可能得到很好的表達(dá),。
翻譯究竟是什么呢,?
翻譯的過程就好比交通工具的換乘過程,兩者之間有諸多相似之處,。
交通工具換乘過程: 內(nèi)容(人員)載體(運(yùn)輸工具1)
內(nèi)容(人員)載體(運(yùn)輸工具2)
翻譯過程: 內(nèi)容(信息)載體(源語)
內(nèi)容(信息)
載體(譯語)
比較兩者,,其共同點(diǎn)有:
(1)兩者帶有相似的目的:
兩種轉(zhuǎn)換過程都是為了實(shí)現(xiàn)內(nèi)容通過載體的變換從一端到另一端的傳遞。
(2)兩者含有相似的基本要素:
第一要素內(nèi)容,,在交通工具換乘過程中是人員,,而在翻譯過程中則是信息。
第二要素載體,,在交通工具換乘過程中是車輛,、船舶、飛機(jī)等,,轉(zhuǎn)換前是一種運(yùn)輸工具,,轉(zhuǎn)換后改為另一種運(yùn)輸工具;而在翻譯過程中則是語言,,轉(zhuǎn)換前是源語(source language),,轉(zhuǎn)換后是譯語(target language)。
(3)兩者具有相似的操作要求:
第一,,兩者都要求內(nèi)容不變,。第二,兩者都要求過程順暢
德國譯學(xué)教授wolfram wilss 在the science of translation:problems & methods一書中說: translation is not simply a matter of seeking other words with similar meaning, but of finding appropriate ways of saying things in another ating is always meaning-based, is the transfer of meaning instead of form from the source language to the target language.(翻譯不只是在另一種語言中尋找意義相似的其他詞語,,而是尋找表達(dá)事物的適當(dāng)方式,。翻譯始終立足于語義,也就是說,是語義從源語到譯語的轉(zhuǎn)換,,而不是形式,。)
這說明了翻譯是語義的翻譯,不是語言形式的翻譯,,是運(yùn)用另一種語言的適當(dāng)方式來表達(dá)一種語言所表達(dá)的內(nèi)容,,而不是在另一種語言中尋找與一種語言中含義相似的某些詞語或結(jié)構(gòu)。翻譯必須跳出原文語言層面的束縛,,必須著眼于傳達(dá)原文的內(nèi)容和意義,。
換句話說,翻譯的基本單位應(yīng)該是語篇,,而不是詞語結(jié)構(gòu),。根據(jù)系統(tǒng)功能語言學(xué)家的觀點(diǎn),語言的實(shí)際使用單位是語篇這樣的言語單位,,而不是詞語結(jié)構(gòu)這樣的語法單位,。實(shí)際使用的語篇有可能是一個(gè)句子、一個(gè)句段,、一個(gè)句群,,也有可能是一個(gè)詞語。翻譯作為語言交際的一種形式,,其實(shí)質(zhì)是用一種語言的語篇材料代替另一種語言與其意義對等的語篇材料,。翻譯是運(yùn)用一種語言把另一種語言所表達(dá)的內(nèi)容和意義準(zhǔn)確而完整地重新表達(dá)出來的語言活動(dòng)。
ii.課堂練習(xí)(分別用詞語和形式對應(yīng)譯法和語義表達(dá)譯法試譯下列句子,,并比較翻譯中的感覺和譯文的效果):
's more a poem than a drank himself out of the best pretends to be as modest as goes wherever it can, but it prefers to follow a room was easily traced by the noise that was coming from care to pitch my voice to politeness, i asked about the next bus to you feel depressed at a social gathering, keep it a secret. bacteria pneumonia may complicate influenza at both extremes of .課堂練習(xí)參考譯文:
1.與其說那是一幅畫,,不如說那是一首詩。2.他借酒寫得好詩句,。3.他裝得極為謙虛,。
4.火是無孔不入的,可是它更愛竄入通風(fēng)的地方,。5.循聲而去,,便輕而易舉地找到了那間屋子。
6.我陪著小心,,用溫和的口吻詢問開往哈蒂斯堡下一斑車的情況,。7.在社交場合,你就是感到情緒壓抑,,也不要表露出來,。8.患有流感的幼兒和老人可能并發(fā)細(xì)菌性肺炎。
iv.課外練習(xí)(分別用詞語和形式對應(yīng)譯法和語義表達(dá)譯法試譯下列句子,,并比較翻譯中的感覺和譯文的效果):
wants a lawyer who understands his case, who sympathizes with him and who has been there himself.,。w
-famous for his works he was never personally well known, for throughout his life he avoided publicity.。
you are in the act of summoning your energies, focus on a 't exhaust yourself with fruitless excursions into any and all possibilities.4.a book may be compared to your neighbor: if it is bad, it can not last too long;if good you can not get rid of it too d of honoring this sacred obligation, america has given the negro people a bad check--a check which has come back marked “insufficient funds”.6.a friend is someone who draws out your own best qualities, with whom you sparkle and become more of whatever the friendship draws upon.(}% i0 c o: p: k: i: x!^0 h petrol we owe the existence of the motor-car, which has replaced the private carriage drawn by the petrol we owe the possibility of e of limited insurance coverage, many people will have to look to their own resources--both emotional and financial--to care for an infirm or recovering relative at the last six years, 44 of 60 scholarship winners have been the children of talent search, certainly in this decade, is a tribute as much to immigration as to new architectural styles have become powerful image makers stunning arrivals now gracing hong kong's crowded skyline--the privately-owned hong kong & shanghai bank building and bank of china's headquarters--stand as monuments to the rival economic interests, cultures and ideologies that define the city
unit 2/
i.課外練習(xí)參考譯文:
1.他要找一位了解他的案情,同情他的處境,,并有過親身經(jīng)歷的人當(dāng)他的律師,。2.他的著作舉世聞名,而他個(gè)人卻一直默默無聞,,因?yàn)樗簧冀K避免拋頭露面,。3.在集中精力的過程中,要集中于一種打算,;不要同時(shí)涉足各種可能的情況而搞得精疲力竭一事無成,。
4.書可以比作鄰居:如果是好的,相處愈久愈好,;如果是壞的,,分手愈早愈好。5.美國沒有履行這種神圣的義務(wù),,相反,,只是給黑人開了一張空頭支票,,上面蓋了“資金不足”的戳子后被退了回來,。
6.朋友是能使你表現(xiàn)出自己最佳品質(zhì)的人,和他在一起你就會(huì)精神煥發(fā),,并且變得更具有友誼所要求的種種內(nèi)涵 7.有了汽油,,我們才有了汽車,取代了私人馬車,;有了汽油,,我們才有可能飛上天空。;8.由于保險(xiǎn)金的支付范圍有限,,許多人無論在感情上或經(jīng)濟(jì)上都必須靠自己的力量在家中照料病弱或康復(fù)中的親人,。9.過去六年里,每60名獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金獲得者中就有44名是外來移民的子女,。人才獎(jiǎng)的評(píng)選,,當(dāng)然是指這十年,不僅為美國教育,,也為美國移民增添了光彩
10.這種種新的建筑風(fēng)格已經(jīng)非常有力地塑造了香港在海外的形象,。在擁擠的空中出現(xiàn)了兩幢令人嘆為觀止的新建筑點(diǎn)綴其間,一幢是私營的匯豐銀行大樓,,另一幢是中國銀行總部,,代表并象征了香港相互競爭的經(jīng)濟(jì)利益、文化和意識(shí)形態(tài),。
【例7】
public opinion plays a vital and healthy role in the political realm.×公共輿論在政治領(lǐng)域起著生命力的,、健康的作用。
【譯文】
輿論在政治領(lǐng)域起著極其重要的、有益的作用,。
【例8】
i am sure that it would change the situation if you are kind enough to lend support to me.×我相信如果你有足夠的好心支持我的話,,它將會(huì)改變形勢。
【譯文】
我相信如果你非常好心能撐我一把的話,,情況就不一樣了,。7 u$ |1 k' j8 r.u5 i 【例9】
jobs and work do much more than most of us realize to provide happiness and contentment.×職業(yè)和工作帶來很大的幸福和滿足,而我們大多數(shù)人并不意識(shí)到這一點(diǎn),?!咀g文】
職業(yè)和工作對于獲得幸福和滿足起了很大的作用,我們大多數(shù)人對此卻認(rèn)識(shí)不足,。
兩類問題:一類是譯文語義基本符合原文,,但漢語表達(dá)有欠正確;另一類是漢語表達(dá)尚有可讀性,,但譯文語義不符原文,。
目前翻譯界普遍接受的,也是作為一般翻譯學(xué)習(xí)者必須努力掌握的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),,簡而言之是兩條:忠實(shí)(faithfulness)和流暢(smoothness),。
【例10】
for nat nakasa the pledge he was required to sign--to leave his country and never return proved too much;he committed suicide in new york.×納特?納卡薩不得不發(fā)誓離開祖國,不管情況如何永不返家,,并自殺于紐約,。
【譯文】
對納特?納卡薩來說,要他簽字保證離開祖國永不返回是難以接受的:他在紐約自殺了,。
【例11】
in the wake of his mother's death some thirty-six years later, hemingway turned back to the adventure and tried to write a novel about it.在他母親去世36年之后,,海明威又想起了那次歷險(xiǎn)奇遇,并試圖寫一部小說,。
【譯文】
大約36年過后,,在他母親去世后的不久海明威又想起了那次遭遇的險(xiǎn)情,并試圖就此寫一部小說,。
考博,考博網(wǎng),考博論壇,考博英語,考博試題,考博試卷,考博輔導(dǎo),,' _% |, p5 p/ j& p, b 外語腔是初學(xué)翻譯者不知不覺地會(huì)在漢語譯文中表現(xiàn)出來的一種不當(dāng)傾向,。翻譯時(shí)所要表達(dá)的內(nèi)容來自外語原文,原文的詞語和結(jié)構(gòu)形式隨著內(nèi)容一起進(jìn)入到我們的大腦,,于是原文的語言形式被帶入譯文,,造成了譯文的外語腔。
【例12】
the only concession he made to the climate was to wear a white dinner jacket.×他對氣候的唯一讓步就是穿了一件白色的短餐衣,。
【譯文】
氣候變化,,他僅稍稍作了一點(diǎn)變通,赴宴時(shí)穿了件白色的短禮服,。
【例13】
if certain animal psychologists are right, a dog adopts his family in a most literal way--taking it for granted that the family is the band of dogs he belongs to.×假如某些動(dòng)物心理學(xué)家的分析正確,,狗在很大程度上代表著它的家人 - 理所當(dāng)然這一家也就屬于狗幫了,。【譯文】
假如有些動(dòng)物心理學(xué)家的分析正確,,狗對于他所在家庭的認(rèn)同是非常實(shí)際的--它理所當(dāng)然地認(rèn)為這一家人就是它所歸屬的一群狗,。
現(xiàn)代西方著名翻譯理論家eugene 在其理論著述中經(jīng)常談到讀者反應(yīng)的問題。他認(rèn)為,,翻譯的服務(wù)對象是讀者,,要評(píng)判譯文質(zhì)量的優(yōu)劣,必須看讀者對譯文的反應(yīng)如何,,同時(shí)必須把這種反應(yīng)與原作讀者對原文可能產(chǎn)生的反應(yīng)進(jìn)行對比,,看兩種反應(yīng)是否基本一致。1
除了忠實(shí)和流暢這兩項(xiàng)基本標(biāo)準(zhǔn)之外,,好的譯文還必須保持原文的風(fēng)格,,包括民族風(fēng)格、時(shí)代風(fēng)格,、語體風(fēng)格,、作者個(gè)人的語言風(fēng)格等。文藝作品的翻譯尤其要求這樣做,。譯者不能破壞或改變原文的風(fēng)格,,不能以譯者的風(fēng)格代替原作的風(fēng)格。
iii.課堂練習(xí)(努力按照忠實(shí)原文和譯文流暢兩項(xiàng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn),,把下列句子譯成漢語):
couldn't have come at a better has been a widow only six months.3.i believe the speech was needlessly macedonian argument has a greek dimension englishman feels no less deeply than any other a physical standpoint, there ought to be as many colours as there are different wave the next century we'll be able to alter our dna radically, encoding our visions and vanities while concocting new a human being, we should demonstrate our intellectual and moral superiority by respecting others for who they are--instead of rejecting them for who/what they are .課堂練習(xí)參考譯文: 1.她來得正是時(shí)候,。
2.她的丈夫去世至今不過半年。
3.我認(rèn)為那篇講話口氣強(qiáng)硬,,大可不必。4.馬其頓之爭同希臘也有關(guān)系,。
5.英國人同其他民族一樣,,也有豐富的感情。
6.從物理學(xué)的觀點(diǎn)來看,,不同的波長有多少種,,顏色就有多少種。
7.但下個(gè)世紀(jì)我們將能根本改變dna,,能在構(gòu)建新的生命時(shí)把我們的種種想象,、種種出于虛榮的要求,都編入遺傳密碼,。
8.作為人,,我們應(yīng)該不問他人的身份如何都尊重他們,從而顯示出自己高超的智慧和道德,,而不要因?yàn)樗麄儧]有某種身份或地位而去卑視他們,。
v.課外練習(xí)(努力按照忠實(shí)原文和譯文流暢兩項(xiàng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn),,把下列短文譯成漢語):
i first took up walking as a means of a busy morning in my office, i found it refreshing to take a stroll at lunchtime, to breathe the fresh air and feel the r walk in the cold night air was, i discovered, an exhilarating way to unwind.i'll never forget the feeling i got one winter night as i walked the deserted streets after many grueling hours at the hospital.i suddenly realized that i no longer felt tense or the worries about my patients' illnesses, as well as my own personal cares, seemed to evaporate as quickly as the smoky vapor of my breath in the frosty i incorporated walking into my schedule, not only were my spirits lifted, but my weight and blood pressure were gradually reduced.i began reviewing the medical literature on this research, and my clinical observations as a family physician, i found that it is possible to walk your way to better health, a trimmer body and a longer life--no matter what your g--like swimming, bicycling and running--is an aerobic exercise which builds the capacity for energy output and physical endurance by increasing the supply of oxygen to skin and exercise may be a primary factor in the prevention of heart and circulatory probably the least strenuous, safest aerobic activity, walking is the most acceptable exercise for the greatest number of g at comfortable speed improves the efficiency of the cardio-respiratory system by stimulating the lungs and heart, but at a more gradual rate than most other forms of exercise.(279 words)unit 38
i.課外練習(xí)參考譯文:
我最初開始散步是作為一種脫身之計(jì)。在辦公室里忙了一個(gè)上午之后,,我發(fā)現(xiàn)午飯時(shí)出去走一走,,吸一口新鮮空氣,享受一下陽光,,十分令人神清氣爽,。我還發(fā)現(xiàn),在夜間充滿寒意的空氣中散步也是一種使人心曠神怡的放松辦法,。一個(gè)冬夜,,經(jīng)過了醫(yī)院里好幾個(gè)小時(shí)精疲力竭的工作后我漫步在空曠無人的大街上,那種感覺永遠(yuǎn)都無法忘卻,。我一下子發(fā)現(xiàn)自己不再感到緊張疲勞,。什么病人的病情、個(gè)人的煩惱,,似乎就像寒夜中呼出的熱氣,,一下子都煙消云散了,我把散步納入了每天的日程,,不僅精神振作了,,而且體重和血壓也逐漸下降了。我開始查閱有關(guān)散步的醫(yī)學(xué)文獻(xiàn),。通過研究,,還通過從事家庭保健醫(yī)生工作中的臨床觀察,我發(fā)現(xiàn),,無論年齡大小,,散步都能健身瘦身,延年益壽,。
散步同游泳,、騎車、跑步等一樣,,是一種有氧運(yùn)動(dòng),,能夠增加皮膚和肌肉的供氧,從而增進(jìn)體能和耐力,。這種運(yùn)動(dòng)可成為預(yù)防心血管疾病的主要因素,。
t 散步是一種最不激烈、最為安全的有氧運(yùn)動(dòng),,對絕大多數(shù)人都極其合適,。以舒適的速度步行能促進(jìn)心肺活動(dòng),從而提高心肺功能,,雖然比起其他各種運(yùn)動(dòng)方式來散步的作用較為緩慢,。)ii.英漢翻譯原理第二講:什么是好的譯文,?(續(xù))
【例14】
there is a mix of confrontation and cooperation between them.【譯文】
他們之間既有對抗,又有合作,。
【例15】
he died, and was survived by wife and three children.【譯文】
他死了,,撇下了妻子和三個(gè)孩子。
【例16】
law enforcement cannot responsibly stand aloof.【譯文】
司法部門如果對此不聞不問,,那就是失職,。0 g+ e4 f: q1 h7 n6 w 【例17】
evidently he had the first quality of an angler, which is not to measure the pleasure by the catch.【譯文】
他顯然具備了垂釣者的首要品質(zhì),即以釣為樂,,釣多釣少無所謂,。.l7(w+ e.q3 ~ ×去你的吧!你去向領(lǐng)導(dǎo)匯報(bào)我對他們的不敬吧,!
【譯文】
去你的吧,!你去向領(lǐng)導(dǎo)匯報(bào)我的所作所為好啦!
【例34】
he ate his savoury, and hurried the maid as she swept the crumbs.【譯文】
他吃完最后的一道消食小吃,,在女傭人打掃碎屑時(shí),,催她快一點(diǎn)。
【例35】
derek fancies himself as a ladies' man, but he spends too much time admiring himself in the mirror for my liking.×德里克自以為是討女人喜歡的人,,可是為了討我喜歡,,他卻花很多時(shí)間在鏡子面前自我欣賞?!咀g文】
德里克自以為是個(gè)討女人喜歡的人,,可是我不喜歡他花那么多的時(shí)間在鏡子面前自我欣賞。
iii,、課堂練習(xí)(以下各句的譯文在理解上都有問題,。請正確理解以下各句,并指出譯文中的理解錯(cuò)誤)及參考譯文:
delegation is not satisfied that the case has yet been made for convening such a broad conference.×我方代表團(tuán)對于沒有人提出理由說明應(yīng)召開如此廣泛的會(huì)議很不滿意,。我方代表團(tuán)認(rèn)為,,還沒有人提出充分理由說明應(yīng)召開如此廣泛的會(huì)議。(satisfy 說服,,使確信)$ [: m.x, l# ^(z“ f;s nationalized industries have been spoon-fed for so long that they don't care whether they give value for money, or make a profit or loss.' r+ w/ l$ n.e0 a ×國有工業(yè)長期受到優(yōu)厚待遇,他們不在乎錢,,也不在乎盈利或虧損,。
一些國有行業(yè)長期受到優(yōu)厚待遇,他們不在乎錢花得是不是值得,,也不在乎盈利或虧損,。3.i was not quite sure whether they had locked the door;and when i dared move, i got up and went to !no jail was ever more secure.×我不敢肯定他們是不是把門鎖上了,;等到我敢走動(dòng)的時(shí)候,,我站起身來走過去看看,。天啊,!沒有一所監(jiān)獄更加牢固,。我不敢肯定他們是不是把門鎖上了;等到我敢走動(dòng)的時(shí)候,,我站起身來走過去看看,。天啊,!鎖得牢牢的好象監(jiān)獄一般
hesitatingly i selected a tube of blue paint, and with infinite precaution made a mark about as big as a bean on the snow-white field.×我遲疑不決地選了一管藍(lán)色顏料,,然后小心翼翼地畫了一筆,就像雪白的田野上的一粒蠶豆那么大小,。我遲疑不決地選了一管藍(lán)色顏料,,然后非常小心翼翼地在畫布雪白的底色上點(diǎn)了豆子般大小的一點(diǎn)。
5.i agree with you that many laws are unjust, but if you make every law a matter of conscience you will end up in jail.我同意你的意見,,很多法律是不公正的,,但如果你都憑良心來制定每項(xiàng)法律的話,你最終就得坐牢,。
我同意你的意見,,很多法律是不公正的,但如果你對待每項(xiàng)法律都要講良心的話,,你最終就得坐牢,。
farewell to the century of physics, the one to which we split the atom and turned silicon into computing power,向物理世紀(jì)告別吧,,在這個(gè)世紀(jì)里,,我們分裂了原子,把硅變?yōu)橛?jì)算機(jī)的動(dòng)力,。向物理學(xué)的世紀(jì)告別吧,,在這個(gè)世紀(jì)里,我們實(shí)現(xiàn)了原子的分裂,,我們把硅變成了計(jì)算能力,。 sun sets regularly on the union jack these days, but never on the english language.×現(xiàn)在太陽從英國國旗上有規(guī)則地落下,但是英語卻不是這種情況,。/ 現(xiàn)在英國國旗上照到的陽光日益減少,,但英語卻不是這種情況。
現(xiàn)在,,英國已不再是個(gè)“日不落”的國家了,,但是英語卻還是在廣泛地流行使用。(union jack英國國旗)
8.i hear the hindoo teaching his favorite pupil the loves, wars, adages, transmitted safely to this day from poets who wrote three thousand years ago.×我聽見有三千年前的詩人們書寫的,、完好無損地流傳至今的,、有印度教士傳授給得意門生的,、有關(guān)愛情故事、戰(zhàn)爭和格言,。
我聽見印度人在向他的得意門生傳授愛情故事,、戰(zhàn)爭和格言,這些都是由三千年前的詩人所寫并完好地流傳至今,。
iv,、課外練習(xí)(正確理解下列短文,并將其譯成漢語):
first impressions are often lasting , if you play your cards right, you can enjoy the benefits of what sociologists call the ”halo effect.“ this means that if you're viewed positively within the critical first few minutes, the person you've met will likely assume everything you do is you move and gesture will greatly influence an interviewer's first impression of a landmark study of communications, psychologists discovered that seven percent of any message about our feelings and attitudes comes from the words we use, 38 percent from our voice, and a startling 55 percent from our facial fact, when our facial expression or tone of voice conflicts with our words, the listener will typically put more weight on the nonverbal make your first encounter a positive one, start with a firm the interviewer doesn't initiate the gesture, offer your hand er you have a choice of seats, select a chair beside his or her desk, as opposed to one across from way there are no barriers between the two of you and the effect is somewhat less you must sit facing the desk, shift your chair slightly as you sit down, or angle your body in the chair so you're not directly in front of your r your body language to make sure you don't seem too desperate for the job, or too eager to a poker face in business opriate smiling is the most common example of a nonverbal behavior that undercuts verbal messages--making you appear weak and eye contact is also study found that job applicants who make more eye contact are perceived as more alert, dependable, confident and responsible.(298 words)unit 5
i,、課外練習(xí)參考譯文
第一印象常常是持久的印象,。的確,如果處理得當(dāng),,你就能有幸獲得社會(huì)學(xué)家稱之為“光環(huán)效應(yīng)”帶來的種種好處,。這就是說,要是在一開始關(guān)鍵的幾分鐘里你就給人留下好的印象,,初遇者就可能認(rèn)為你辦的事件件都好,。
你的一舉一動(dòng)都會(huì)大大影響你給面試者的第一印象。在有關(guān)人際交流的一項(xiàng)意義重大的研究中心理學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn),,關(guān)于情感和態(tài)度的信息有7%來自我們的語言文字,,有38%來自我們的語音,而驚人的是,,竟有55%來自我們的面部表情,。事實(shí)上,如果面部表情或說話語調(diào)與我們所說的話發(fā)生矛盾時(shí),,聽者通常會(huì)更加看重那些非語言信息,。
為了使第一次面試成功,一開始的握手要堅(jiān)定有力,。如果面試者沒有主動(dòng)伸出手來,,你就主動(dòng)先把手伸出來。要是可以選擇座位的話,,要坐在面試者桌子的側(cè)面,,而不要坐在正對面。這樣坐法你們中間就沒有障礙了,,而且在一定程度上起到減少對立的作用,。如果你只能坐在桌子對面,那么坐的時(shí)候把椅子稍微挪一下或者把身體坐的角度偏一點(diǎn),,這樣你就不是正對著面試者了。
要注意你的形體語言,,千萬不要表現(xiàn)得對這份工作迫不及待,,也不要表現(xiàn)得急于討好別人,。要保持一種辦理公事時(shí)一本正經(jīng)的神態(tài)。非語言行為可削弱語言信息的力量,,從而使你顯得優(yōu)柔寡斷缺乏自信,,而不合時(shí)宜的微笑就是一個(gè)最為常見的例子。良好的目光交流也非常重要,。有一項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),,多用目光進(jìn)行交流的求職者可給人以更為機(jī)警、可靠,、自信,、負(fù)責(zé)的印象。
ii,、英漢翻譯原理第三講:怎樣理解原文,?
二、要理解特殊語言現(xiàn)象的特殊含義:
【例36】
john is now with his parents in new york;it is three years since he was a high school teacher in washington.考博論壇(o!e-i!d2 m 【譯文】
約翰現(xiàn)在同父母一起住在紐約,;他不在華盛頓當(dāng)中學(xué)教師已有三年了,。【例37】
she didn't attend the meeting because she wanted to.【譯文】
她去開會(huì)并不是她自己想去,。
【例38】
as a place to live, it left much to be a secret training base for a new plane, it was an excellent site, its remoteness effectively masking its activity.【譯文】
作為居住之處,,這里有許多不足之處。但作為新型飛機(jī)的秘密訓(xùn)練基地,,卻是非常理想的,。它地處邊陲,人們不易了解其中的活動(dòng),。
【例39】
the teacher didn't tell her students that in so many words, but obviously something about her attitude convinced them.×老師沒有用很多話把這種情況告訴學(xué)生,,但她的某種態(tài)度顯然使學(xué)生相信情況的確如此?!咀g文】
老師沒有把這種情況對學(xué)生明說,,但她的某種態(tài)度顯然使學(xué)生相信情況的確如此?!纠?0】
if i am getting a free ride, how come i am so tired when i go home at the end of a shift? ×如果我是免費(fèi)乘車的話,,我上完一次班回家后怎么會(huì)那么累呢? 【譯文】
如果我上班偷閑的話,,我下班回家怎么會(huì)那么累呢,?
【例41】
i am sorry i was a little short with you just now.i don't feel myself today.×如果我剛才陪你的時(shí)間短了一些的話,我很抱歉,。今天我自己也沒有感覺到,。【譯文】
剛才對你態(tài)度不好,我很抱歉,。今天我身體有點(diǎn)不舒服,。
三、要結(jié)合上下文語境進(jìn)行理解:
【例42】
the financial implications of this resolution remain to be defined.【譯文】
本決議所涉及的財(cái)政問題尚待確定,。本決議對財(cái)政工作的意義尚待闡明,。【例43】
the tyrants might array their cruelty, but the people would oppose their bravery.* t c# m)f3 k' ^/ ^7 p 【譯文】
暴君恣意肆虐,,人民則奮勇反抗,。
【例44】
managers face a host of new business realities, such as changing patterns of employment that include an explosion of outsourcing and new alliances.×管理人員面對的是商界前所未有的種種現(xiàn)實(shí),諸如就業(yè)的模式不斷變化 包括外購,。重組等現(xiàn)象的猛增,。【譯文】
管理人員面對的是商界前所未有的種種現(xiàn)實(shí),,諸如企業(yè)用工方式的不斷變化 包括大幅度增加外部采辦和新建聯(lián)產(chǎn)單位,。
iii、課堂練習(xí)(正確理解以下各句,,并在正確理解的基礎(chǔ)上將其譯成漢語):
it deceive them, then, a little longer;it can not deceive them too shall never get anywhere with all the criticism and fault finding.i believe in the principle ”live and let live“.1 t+ d2 b& s1 e' f1 y5 r' i said that no one could beat him at tennis, but he had to eat his word after losing several games.4.i had read too many novels and had learned too much at school not to know a good deal about fact, one office-system expert recently said that he had yet to encounter a business work place that was functioning at more than 60 percent with any sense expects to find the whole truth in advertisement any more than he expects a man applying for a job to describe his shortcomings and serious faults.5 ~.{3 ?9 n& w-a/ n3 n re is probably no better way for a foreigner(or an englishman)to appreciate the richness and variety of the english language than by studying the various ways in which shakespeare used it.7 x# u(p(c-r1 {3 l2 o!` are human and human beings are far from be human implies that we will make it's more than that we feel now feel ,、課堂練習(xí)參考譯文:
1.那就讓這事再騙他們一會(huì)兒吧,無論怎樣騙他們都不算過分,。2.這一套批評(píng)挑剔的做法是行不通的,。我相信“互相容忍”的原則
3.他說打網(wǎng)球沒人打得過他,但輸了幾場之后,,他只好承認(rèn)自己說錯(cuò)了,。_ 4.我讀過很多小說,在學(xué)校里所見所聞也不少,,對于愛情自然就知道得很多,。
5.事實(shí)上,有位辦公制度專家最近說過,,他還沒見到過有哪個(gè)辦公場所的工作效率高于百分之六十,。
6.有頭腦的人誰也不會(huì)指望求職者說出自己的缺點(diǎn)和嚴(yán)重過錯(cuò),同樣,,也不會(huì)指望廣告里說的全是真話,。
7.對于外國人(甚至包括英國人)來說,要欣賞豐富多采的英語,,最好的辦法也許就是學(xué)習(xí)莎士比亞使用英語的各種方法,。
8.我們是凡人,而凡人遠(yuǎn)非十全十美,。作為凡人就是說我們會(huì)犯錯(cuò)誤,。但是,,我們覺得自己是凡人不僅僅由于我們會(huì)犯錯(cuò)誤。我們?nèi)缃窀械接袡?quán)利犯錯(cuò)誤,。v,、課外練習(xí)(正確理解下列短文,并將其譯成漢語):
a new era is upon it what you will: the service economy, the information age, the knowledge all translates to a fundamental change in the way we y we're partly percentage of people who earn their living by making things has fallen dramatically in the western the majority of jobs in america, europe and japan(two thirds or more in many of these countries)are in the service industry, and the number is on the women are in the workforce than ever are more part-time people are the breadth of the economic transformation can't be measured by numbers alone, because it also is giving rise to a radical new way of thinking about the nature of work -held notions about jobs and careers, the skills needed to succeed, even the relation between inspaniduals and employers--all these are being have only to look behind us to get some sense of what may lie one looking ahead 20 years possibly could have foreseen the ways in which a single invention, the chip, would transform our world thanks to its applications in personal computers, digital communications and factory ow's achievements in biotechnology, artificial intelligence or even some still unimagined technology could produce a similar way of dramatic one thing is certain: information and knowledge will become even more vital, and the people who possess it, whether they work in manufacturing or services, will have the advantage and produce the wealth;computer knowledge will become as basic a requirement as the ability to read and ability to solve problems by applying information instead of performing routine tasks will be valued above all you cast your mind ahead 10 years, information services will be will be the way you do your job.(320 words)unit 6
i,、課外練習(xí)參考譯文:
我們正面臨著一個(gè)新時(shí)代。隨你怎么稱呼它:服務(wù)經(jīng)濟(jì)也好,,信息時(shí)代也好,,知識(shí)社會(huì)也好,一句話,,都說明了我們工作方式的根本變化,。事實(shí)上我們已經(jīng)開始進(jìn)入這個(gè)時(shí)代。西方社會(huì)依靠制造產(chǎn)品謀生的人數(shù)比例急劇下降了,。今天,,在美洲、歐洲和日本,,大多數(shù)人(這些國家中有許多國家已高達(dá)三分之二以上)從事服務(wù)業(yè),,而且人數(shù)還在增加。跟從前相比,,婦女從業(yè)的人數(shù)增加了,,兼職工作增加了,個(gè)體經(jīng)營者增加了,。但是,,經(jīng)濟(jì)變革幅度的衡量不能只憑數(shù)字,因?yàn)榻?jīng)濟(jì)變革同時(shí)也引發(fā)了對工作本質(zhì)的全新思維,。有關(guān)工作和職業(yè)生涯,、獲得成功所必須的技能、乃至個(gè)人與雇主的關(guān)系,,種種傳統(tǒng)的觀念正在受到挑戰(zhàn),。
我們只要回顧從前,就可以對未來有所了解,。沒有那一位展望未來20年的人能夠預(yù)料到硅片這樣一項(xiàng)發(fā)明,,因其在個(gè)人電腦、數(shù)字通訊和工業(yè)機(jī)器人中的應(yīng)用,,會(huì)給我們的世界帶來的種種變化,。明天在生物技術(shù)、人工智能或者有些迄今為止甚至難以想象的技術(shù)方面所取得的成就,,可能會(huì)引起類似的急劇變化,。但有一點(diǎn)是肯定的:信息和知識(shí)將變得更加重要,而擁有信息和知識(shí)的人們,無論他們從事制造業(yè)或者服務(wù)業(yè),,將會(huì)具有優(yōu)勢并創(chuàng)造財(cái)富,,計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)將與讀寫能力一樣成為一種基本要求。運(yùn)用信息解決問題的能力,,而不是日常工作的完成,,將尤其受到重視。展望未來10年,,信息服務(wù)將支配一切,,將成為你的工作方式。
ii,、英漢翻譯原理第三講:怎樣理解原文,?(續(xù))
四、要通過吃透詞語含義進(jìn)行理解:
【例45】
while many women are comfortable being close and sharing secrets, men often struggle to express their emotions in relationship with other men.雖然許多女人對與他人親密無間,,分享秘密感到舒坦,,而男人卻經(jīng)常刻求在與其他男人的關(guān)系中表達(dá)感情,?!咀g文】
許多女人親密相處互吐隱秘感到心安理得,而男人要對其他男人表露感情卻非易事,?!纠?6】
on the drunken occasion in question, i was insufferable about liking you, and not liking you.i wish you would forget it.在那次大醉時(shí),我老考慮是不是喜歡你,,搞得我無法忍受,,希望你忘了它?!咀g文】
那一次喝得酩酊大醉的時(shí)候,,我說了喜歡你不喜歡你的一番話,讓你受不了,,希望你忘了它吧,。【例47】
i felt uncomfortable in the suit i had dredged up to wear.)m(b;y!i* s& e k ×穿著那套已經(jīng)弄干凈的衣服,,我只覺得渾身不自在,。
【譯文】
穿著那套費(fèi)了好大功夫才找出來的衣服,我覺得渾身不自在,?!纠?8】
the school bully threatened martin with a thick ear.×學(xué)校的小霸王打了馬丁一個(gè)耳光以此作為威脅?!咀g文】
學(xué)校的小霸王揚(yáng)言要打馬丁的耳光,。
【例49】
the computer makes possible a marvelous leap in human proficiency;it pulls down the fences around the practical and even the theoretical intelligence.×計(jì)算機(jī)將可能使人類熟練掌握技術(shù)產(chǎn)生驚人的飛躍,,他推倒了理論和實(shí)踐之間的隔墻?!咀g文】
計(jì)算機(jī)使人類的能力有可能發(fā)生巨大的飛躍,;它拓展了人類從事實(shí)踐工作甚至理論工作的智慧。
五,、要明確詞語的具體指代進(jìn)行理解:/ o0 t1 b+ n4 f; r5 n 【例50】
fifty cases of woolen sweaters were shipped from shanghai to new were products of the city's first joint to a storm at sea, some of the cargo got stained by r, the goods duly arrived yesterday.【譯文】
有50箱羊毛衫從上海發(fā)往紐約,。這些羊毛衫是上海首家合資企業(yè)的產(chǎn)品。由于海上遇到風(fēng)暴,,其中一部分遭到海水污損,,但這批貨物已于昨天按時(shí)運(yùn)抵。
【例51】
”heaven bless you, my child,“ said she, embracing amelia, and scowling the while over the girl's shoulder at miss sharp.”come away, becky," said miss jemima, pulling the young woman away in great alarm.×她摟著愛米麗亞說:“求老天保佑你,,孩子?!币幻嬲f,,一面從女孩的肩頭對夏潑小姐惡狠狠地瞪眼。吉米瑪小姐心里害怕,,趕快拉著年輕女子出來,,口里說:“來吧,貝基,。
【譯文】
她摟著愛米麗亞說:“求老天保佑你,,孩子?!币幻嬲f,,一面從愛米麗亞肩頭對夏潑小姐惡狠狠地瞪眼。吉米瑪小姐心里害怕,,趕快拉著夏潑小姐出來,,口里說:“走吧,小姐,?!?/p>
【例52】
i seized the largest brush and fell upon my wretched victim with wild fury.×我抓起那支最大的畫筆,迅猛異常地向我可憐的受害者撲了過去,。
【譯文】
我抓起那支最大的畫筆,,勢不可擋撲向那全無招架之力的畫布。
iii,、課堂練習(xí)(正確理解以下各句,并在正確理解的基礎(chǔ)上將其譯成漢語) investigations were temporarily tabled due to more pressing all, all living creatures live by feeding on something else, whether it be plant or animal, dead or of the great charms of lawrence as a companion was that he could never be bored and so could never be boring.4.a grass eating animal cannot exist without grass, a predator without prey, a plant without certain basic chemicals or certain kinds of we could consider placing ourselves in other people's shoes, we could teach ourselves how damaging it is to assume anything about anyone.6.a creative person will almost never follow a set pattern in developing an do so would tend to structure his thinking and might limit the creation of possible door, a large-than-expected audience of 300 attended the international conference on laser atmospheric studies, which will be covered separately next month.* + p3 b# f!x9 o quality of attendance, enhanced by an exhibit-admission fee of $50 per day, was widely quantity was in doubt, of the 14 exhibitors interviewed questioned the figure of 5,200 given by fair director ;the consensus was 2,500 ,、課堂練習(xí)參考譯文:
1.由于有更緊急的任務(wù),,調(diào)查暫不進(jìn)行,。
2.畢竟所有的生物都靠吃其他東西生存,不管這種東西是植物還是動(dòng)物,,是死的還是活的,。
3.在跟勞倫斯的相處中感到他有一點(diǎn)可愛之處,那就是他從不討厭人,,因而也從不討人厭,。
4.食草動(dòng)物沒有草不能生存,食肉動(dòng)物沒有獵物無法活命,,植物沒有一定的基本化學(xué)物質(zhì)或一定的土壤就生長不了,。
5.如果我們能夠設(shè)身處地為別人著想,就會(huì)懂得對別人臆斷有多大害處,。
6.有創(chuàng)造性的人在形成一種想法時(shí)決不會(huì)照搬固定不變的模式,。那種做法往往會(huì)束縛思想,有礙于想出多種可能的解決方案,。
7.隔壁大廳里,,出乎意料地有300人出席了國際激光大氣研究會(huì)議,有關(guān)會(huì)議情況本刊將于下月另文報(bào)道,。
8.由于每天的入場券票價(jià)高達(dá)50美元,,所以前往參觀的人都有些身份,受到了普遍稱頌,。但是參觀人數(shù)值得懷疑,。有14家參展廠商接受了采訪,都對交易會(huì)主任霍佛爾提供的5,200人這個(gè)數(shù)字表示懷疑,,一般估計(jì)是2,500人,。
v、課外練習(xí)(正確理解下列短文,,并將其譯成漢語):
one of my favourite moments of the day is among the last--the last conscious one, several attempts at keeping my eyelids from fluttering closed and the book from collapsing onto my chest, i know it really is time to go to sleep.i affectionately place the book on the bed beside sleep together, me and my book, me and those characters, me and my mixed-up g in bed seems to run in last time my mother babysat for me, i got home to find the house dark except for two small came from my son's room, where i discovered the eight-year-old holed up under the covers with goosebumps and a the other end of the house, my mother had already dozed off with her ere in the middle is me, a grown-up version of the girl who used to camp out under covers with nancy drew, a foreshadowing of a baby-sitting grandma whose sons will come home to find mom snoozing contentedly beneath her d of arranging my books into traditional categories--fiction and nonfiction, novels and short stories, self-improvement and pleasure--i spanide my bedside reading into books that put you to sleep and those that keep you have their last night i picked up a slender but densely written volume of literary criticism for the knockout punch i knew it would the other end of the spectrum are the suspense heavy plots that keep you turning pages into the single-digit hours--crime novels, love stories, comedies of manners, narrators so charming you cannot bear to quit them, worlds so richly drawn you cannot bear to leave.(293 words)
復(fù)旦翻譯系篇四
英譯漢翻譯技巧
王 瑛
英譯漢部分要求翻譯單句, 而不是段落或篇章,。考生首先要讀懂句子,了解句子的語法結(jié)構(gòu),、使用的固定詞組,、習(xí)慣用法及詞與詞之間的語義關(guān)系, 然后, 再正確分析原文的語言現(xiàn)象和邏輯關(guān)系,進(jìn)行透徹的理解, 最后, 力圖用簡潔明了的漢語表達(dá)出原文的意思。因此, 考生有必要掌握一些基本的翻譯技巧,。
一,、翻譯技巧一
一般的英譯漢考題不會(huì)只是簡單句。我們在做題時(shí), 首先要從語法入手, 找尋和確定句子大的框架結(jié)構(gòu), 通過分析把句中的從句和插入部分先排除掉, 明確句子結(jié)構(gòu)有助于我們正確理解整句話的意思,。
(一)重點(diǎn)分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)
其實(shí), 就英語的句子結(jié)構(gòu)而言, 是有規(guī)律可循的,。除去省略句、倒裝句,、感嘆句和
一些特殊句子外, 英語句子的結(jié)構(gòu)可歸納為三類: be句型: 主語 + be + 表語
miss jones is a manager.瓊斯小姐是位經(jīng)理,。
do句型: 主語 + do +(賓語)+(狀語)he teaches english in this school.他在這所學(xué)校教英語,。
be句型: there be + 主語 + 狀語
there are beautiful wildflowers in the hills.山中有美麗的野花。
(二)確定語法現(xiàn)象和慣用結(jié)構(gòu)
英譯漢考題中常見的重點(diǎn)語法有: 時(shí)態(tài),、語態(tài),、主語從句、表語從句,、賓語從句,、同位語從句、定語從句,、狀語從句,、動(dòng)詞不定式、動(dòng)名詞,、分詞,、虛擬語氣、倒裝句,、強(qiáng)調(diào)句等,。考生要非常熟悉這些語法現(xiàn)象, 才不至于對句子產(chǎn)生誤解,。例如:
? anyone who is interested in it can go with us.對這事感興趣的人可以跟我們?nèi)ァ?who引導(dǎo)定語從句修飾主語anyone)? the problem discussed at yesterday’s meeting is very important.昨天會(huì)上討論過的那個(gè)問題非常重要。(過去分詞短語作后置定語修飾主語the problem)? you could have done better if you had been more careful.要是細(xì)心一點(diǎn)的話,,你就會(huì)做得更好,。(if 引導(dǎo)虛擬語氣的條件狀語從句)? hardly had i said that when she entered the room.我剛說完,她就進(jìn)來了,。(倒裝句, 否定詞hardly位于句首, 助動(dòng)詞had 放在主語i之前)? it was not until last night that i noticed this matter.直到昨晚我才注意到這件事,。(強(qiáng)調(diào)句: it was not until+強(qiáng)調(diào)成分+that句子其余成分)? the books were either works on travel or detective novels.這些書要么是關(guān)于旅行的, 要么就是偵探小說。(連接詞either? or?連接兩個(gè)表語)(三)熟悉固定搭配詞組和習(xí)慣用法
英譯漢考題中還常常會(huì)設(shè)計(jì)一個(gè)關(guān)鍵的考點(diǎn) – 固定搭配的詞組和習(xí)慣表達(dá)法, 旨在考查考生對詞匯的掌握和運(yùn)用情況,??忌诶斫膺@些習(xí)慣用語時(shí)會(huì)感到很困難, 這是因?yàn)閱螐慕M成某個(gè)習(xí)慣用語的詞的字面意思上來理解其含義, 往往會(huì)出偏差, 必將影響到對整個(gè)句子的理解。例如:
? they came up with a cure for the disease at last.他們最終發(fā)現(xiàn)了治療這種疾病的方法(短語動(dòng)詞,意為“提出;發(fā)現(xiàn)”)
? the news got around by word of mouth.這一消息通過人們的口傳播開來,。(介詞短語,意為“口頭流傳”)
? it’ll be cheaper in the long run to use real leather.從長遠(yuǎn)的觀點(diǎn)來看, 用真皮更便宜,。(介詞短語,意為“從長遠(yuǎn)的觀點(diǎn)來看”)
? i’ll tell them the truth, regardless of what they want to hear.不管他們愿不愿意聽, 我要告訴他們真相。(形容詞短語,意為 “不管...”)
? punishment had very little effect on him.懲罰對他沒有什么效果,。(名詞短語,意為“對?起作用”)
(四)熟練掌握過渡連接詞
過渡連接詞是使上下文的連接自然,、緊湊的有效方法,使文章整體具有結(jié)構(gòu)上的粘著性和意義上的連貫性,。因此,熟練掌握過渡連接詞能充分把握住原文的意圖和出題思路,。過渡連接詞按語義劃分為以下最常見的幾種類型
表示增補(bǔ): and , also , besides , what’s more , in addition , furthermore ?
表示因果: for this reason, because of, since, as a result, thus, therefore, so, hence ?
表示轉(zhuǎn)折: however, still, but, otherwise, despite, nevertheless, though, in fact ?
表示列舉: firstly, secondly, for one thing?for another, to begin with, then, last ?
表示解釋: for example, for instance, that is, namely ? 表示總結(jié): in short, to sum up, in conclusion, briefly, on the whole ?
例如:
? the railroad connects two cities, namely, new york and chicago.這鐵路聯(lián)接兩個(gè)城市, 即紐約和芝加哥。(表示解釋)? she was very tired, nevertheless, she kept on working.她雖然很疲倦, 然而她卻繼續(xù)工作,。(表示轉(zhuǎn)折)? he said that he could not find it and, furthermore, that nobody would ever find it.他說他找不到它, 而且也沒有人會(huì)找到它,。(表示增補(bǔ))? he was ill, and therefore could not come.(表示結(jié)果)他病了, 所以未能來,。
二、翻譯技巧二
每一種語言,,在詞意的運(yùn)用,,語句的鋪排、句子的結(jié)構(gòu)方面,,都有其獨(dú)特的方式,,而每一詞每一字所承載的文化信息亦各不相同。因此, 英譯漢的表達(dá)方式總體上可以分成兩大類:
(一)直譯法:
一般來說, 在語言條件許可的情況下, 應(yīng)該盡可能地用直譯, 使譯文既能保持原文的內(nèi)容, 又能保持原文的形式和風(fēng)格,。例如:
o all roads lead to roma.條條大路通羅馬,。
o the soldier was as brave as a lion.那個(gè)士兵像獅子一樣勇敢。
o my brother is like a duck to water in the new job.我哥哥在新的工作崗位上如魚得水,。
o it is he who has consistently offered fuel in snowy weather but never added flowers to embroidery.他這個(gè)人一向?qū)θ耸茄┲兴吞?,從來不是錦上添花。
(二)意譯法: 為使譯文得到和原文基本相同的文化信息,,當(dāng)翻譯中遇到兩種文化有差異,,用直譯無法使譯文傳達(dá)準(zhǔn)確的信息時(shí),就要在母語中尋找與其對應(yīng)的表達(dá)方式,,利用各種必要的轉(zhuǎn)換手段進(jìn)行意譯,。例如: ? he is down and out as if/though he lived a dog’s life.他窮困, 潦倒,好像過著牛馬一樣的生活,。(轉(zhuǎn)譯法-a dog’s life轉(zhuǎn)換詞義)
? he behaved politely while answering the interviewer’s questions.他在回答采訪者問題時(shí), 很有禮貌,。(省略法–behaved 一詞不譯出)? he is a stranger to the company’s business.他對于該公司的經(jīng)營業(yè)務(wù)是陌生的。(轉(zhuǎn)換法–stranger 名詞轉(zhuǎn)換成形容詞)? all preparation must be done before you do experiments.在做試驗(yàn)之前, 一切準(zhǔn)備工作都必須做好,。(增加法-preparation增加“工作”)
? each country has its own customs.各國有各國的風(fēng)俗.(重復(fù)法-each country重復(fù)使用“各國”)